Resource Estimates and Budgets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Resource Estimates and Budgets - Research Paper Example The following discussion will emphasize each activity in terms of its time and cost resources and identify the variances as a result of differences in the baseline and actual performance. Planning Planning activity is the first activity of the project in which 15 days were specified as baseline duration. Due to efficient utilization of time, the project team completed this activity in just 12 days sparing 3 days for the next activity to be commenced. In terms of cost resources, the project team managed to save $4,000 in respect of material cost whereas the company had to pay extra $2,000 for the wages to the labor. Overall, the company performed better and managed to save both time and cost resources. Development This was the biggest activity for the project team in terms of both time and cost resources such that the baseline duration for this activity was kept for 44 days and total cost estimates were reserved for around $55,000. This activity also went successful such that the proj ect team saved 4 days as well as $4,500 on overall basis. Testing After the development, the next activity was the testing of the product which had been developed at the previous stage. Baseline resources for this activity included 10 days of duration and $27,000 in terms of total cost. Since the previous two activities saved around 7 days in total, therefore, the testing activity took more time and underwent with serious stress testing procedures. In this whole practice, the project time consumed around 15 days and spent around $27,000. Overall, the activity could not perform up to the mark in terms of both time and cost estimates. Commercial Viability Testing activity led the project to the commercial viability of the product such that the product was experienced by different types of consumers and analysts to check how the product is perceived. Baseline resources in terms of time and cost were set to be 15 days and $37,000 respectively. The overall activity completed in 13 days s aving 2 more days, but the company had to pay the extra cost $3000 for this activity. Branding The moment commercial viability was affirmed by the project team and it was decided that the product was ready for its commercial production and launch in the market, the branding activity took place such that effective marketing and advertising campaigns were launched by the project team. Around 21 days were kept as the baseline period for the completion of this activity and $20,000 were specified as the cost of this activity. Project team almost completed the activity in 20 days with 1 day to spare but, on the other hand, incurred around $21,500 showing an adverse variance of $1,500. Product Launch Actual product launch was the last activity of this project and only 5 days were specified for the completion of this activity, but the activity actually took around 10 days utilizing the previous 5 slack days. In terms of cost estimates, the activity was assigned around $20,000 on overall bas is. However, the activity underperformed in this activity as well and incurred around $4,000 in excess of the baseline cost of $20,000. Conclusion Overall, the project remained partially successful in achieving its desired results such that time resources have been utilized effectively as the project team managed to

Heroin Crisis Center Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heroin Crisis Center - Essay Example Long Island has recently seen an increase in heroin use that has ended the lives of some teenagers due to overdose (Cuadra-Fernandez). The options for the addict and the non-addict user seem to be limited to either continuing use or making the huge step in entering rehab. This proposal intends to show that an intermediary facility that can help during times of crisis and will provide a conduit for the user towards rehabilitation without forcing them into treatment. Through offering services that address the needs of the user in order to keep them alive, it is hoped that eventually they will enter rehabilitation and end their addictive behaviors before it results in death. Heroin is a drug that is extracted from poppies, making it a lucrative crop drug for many nations without other resources. There are three forms of the drug, one being a white powder, the other being a brown powder, and the last being a black, sticky product that is referred to as ‘black tar’. Heroin is often diluted with substances that look similar to the type of product that is being sold, such as adding powdered milk to white powder to extend its volume. Sometimes, however, a substance that is toxic such as strychnine will be found in the drug, increasing the harmful effects and possibly leading to a more assured death through drug overdose (Cuadra-Fernandez). The drug is so powerful that anytime an addict is not on heroin, they are suffering from withdrawal, so any day that is spent without the drug is painful and miserable for the user (Rasmussen and Benson 47). According to Moraes, there are two terms that refer to the type of use that a user of heroin will fall into. A ‘chipper’ is an occasional user who uses the drug recreationally and with an addiction that requires a focused attention to the drug. A ‘junkie’ is someone who cannot go without the drug and has behaviors that can be described as associated with addiction. Stephens discusses types o f heroin users and labels them either addicts or the concerned non-addicts. Concerned non-addicts are in jeopardy of becoming an addict and have a concern towards that regard. Non-concerned non-addicts have no fear that they will become addicts. In comparing the types of users, the addict typically is no longer in mainstream life, their lifestyle is more deviant, they are likely to be unemployed, and have a higher rate of other criminal activity to support their habit. The concerned non-addict tend to still be â€Å"bonded to conventional activities. They were more likely to be high school graduates, avoided engaging in illegal activities, and expressed concern about the consequences of heroin use on their job and families’ (Stephans 61). Beyond the influences the use of heroin in its pharmacological effects, are the medical issues that can come from the use of the drug. Because the drug is often administered through hypodermic needle, the risks of blood pathogens being tran smitted are very high. Diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B can be a very real outcome to drug use (Cuadra-Fernandez). As well, the social consequences can be higher than expected, especially for a teenager who is unprepared for the permanence that can result when the drug use leads to arrest, overdose, or discovery which will all lead to the behavior being revealed to family and friends, thus placing them in a position of being somewhat of an outcast. The group that the crisis center that is proposed in this paper would address would be primarily made up of ’chippers’ and concerned non-addicts, their use not yet putting them into the downward social and physical spiral that an addict will experience. While the center would certainly

Effective Communication Is An Issue

Effective Communication Is An Issue Social work is a professional and academic discipline that pursues to progress the quality of life and wellbeing of an individual, group, or community by intervening through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice, and coaching on behalf of those distressed with poverty or any real or perceived social injustices and violations of their human rights (Cavanagh Lane, 2012). To make all this happen, social workers have to communicate with the people affected and listen their problems carefully in order to take them out from the painful situation. Social work relies heavily on communication to identify problems and solutions related to social behaviours, including family relations, workplace interactions and substance abuse. Lack of communication can lead to clients shutting down, stepping away from assistance or losing trust in their social worker. Developing strong communication skills helps social workers work more efficiently and effectively with clients, resulting in more positive outcomes with less confrontation and fewer missed opportunities. Communication is the ability to deliver/convey the thoughts, ideas or message effectively (Pathak Joshi, 2010). The exchange of thoughts, feelings, messages, or information, as by reading, speech, gestures, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour is known as Communication. Despite of the fact, that language is the main element of communication. However the linguistic structure of all the languages are same, although according to cultural differences, they are been expressed differently. There are several skills for a social work or a psychology profession to communicate with their clients, although this essay will discuss the major communication skills which should be applied by psychological professional or a social worker towards his/her clients. Everybody needs to be heard and understood; active listening is also one of the communication skills which make it possible (Kelan, 2007). Social workers have to focus on his/her client sayings and must answer appropriately. Listening actively will make the client feel more comfortable and in this way he/she can discuss all the issues faced. Questioning is another technique for healthier communication. It is the way in which the social worker will be able to get as much information as he/she need, to make the right decision for the client and show him/her the right path, which leads him/her towards better future. Moreover, silence is one of the virtuous types of communication which social workers exercise. Suppose, if the client is too much upset or suffering from something of real anxiety and emotional behaviour, then silence is the skill used by social workers to calm the client down. Once, the client come to normal, then the communication takes place to resolve the issue by providing different suggestion. Technical jargons or slangs are some of the barriers in communication that the client would not be able to understand. To make the communication effective and realistic, one must not use the slangs or jargons because social workers would not be having any idea, whether the language or technical term they are using is being understood by their clients or is passing over the head of their client. Approaching open or closed question by the social workers is exercised while interviewing their clients. It is the quicker and easier way found to get quick response from the clients. Statistical interpretation can be assessed easily through close ended questions. Close questions are specific and are cost effective in survey method, although these questions do not offer the clients to express their desires and feelings. Communication skills every so often focus on picking the suitable words to reflect what theyre projected to convey, especially in social work. However listening remains an important element of effective social work communication. Social workers need to be vigilant about being active listeners while collaborating with clients, who may sometimes struggle to articulate their experiences. Focus attention on what clients, co-workers or controllers are saying by listening without worrying around what your reply will be. Repeat information to make sure youve understood, and ask additional questions to clarify information. When working with clients on a complex problem, non-verbal communication skills are critical for social workers. Sit or stand up straight when conversing to help stay alert. Social workers must lean towards clients when they speak to create familiarity, nodding to affirm that youre following along. Friendly eye contact should be maintained when culturally appropriate, they should not stare or prevent their eyes in awkwardness if someone begins to weep or cry. Says Pathak Joshi, 2010 that alteration into peoples breathing helps realize temperament; held breath might specify fear, while shallow, hasty breath might reflect annoyance or a highly emotional state. It is basically a challenging task to understand the language of the people where one works, because of communication barrier (if any). The basic ttool for social work is communication, although to communicate effectively there need to be some research done. As on average, Social workers have to answer positively when they are asked several questions regarding the work they are doing for the wellbeing society or community. Social work can be very physically and emotionally demanding work. When coupled with long hours and low pay and benefits, the turnover rate for social work can be quite high, especially among first-year social workers. This can be countered if supervisors use empathetic communication skills to provide support and prevent burnout. Asking your social workers focused questions can help them identify problems and solutions more quickly. Provide constructive feedback to recognize successes and defray negative effects of setbacks. Apologize for mistakes, misunderstandings or instances when you werent fully able to address the needs of your staff. Social workers must consistently undergo self-examinations about beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, feelings, fears and prejudices toward clients or situations to be effective communicators. Unexamined attitudes about drug use, child neglect, cultural biases or language choice may affect how you communicate with clients. It might be concluded that communication plays an important role in making relationship strong and to help other understand the right meaning to its best. The language social workers and psychology professionals use to communicate in their profession must be easy for the client understand. Psychology professional and social worker must ask questions, remain silent, gestures, communicate empathetically, listen, reflect and build rapport, clarify towards their clients where appropriate. Social workers or psychology professionals must be aware of assumptions held when communicating with clients, supervisors or other social workers related to the case; these may prevent them from seeing the things objectively and helping develop an appropriate solution.

Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus :: Essays Papers

Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus What is particularly striking about the opening exchanges of the Euthydemus between Socrates and Crito is that they seem to establish the setting and characters of the dialogue concretely—Socrates and his attractive young friend Clinias meet the well-known brothers Euthydemus and Dionysodorus at the Lyceum and ask them to display what Crito calls their â€Å"particular wisdom,† and what they call simply â€Å"virtue.† However, within these first few pages of dialogue, we already begin to sense something about the brothers that makes them difficult to pin down. When Crito asks, â€Å"Where do they come from, and what is their particular wisdom?†, Socrates is vague on their origins—they are from both Greece and Italy, and at the time of the dialogue, they are exiles with no proper city (271c). Thus, they seem to be from everywhere at once. Their â€Å"particular wisdom† turns out to be quite unparticular as well—Socrates claims they can win any fight, making them, one would assume, wise at everything. Whereas both Socrates and Crito dwell on the physical and character descriptions of Clinias and even Ctesippus, the brothers, who are ostensibly the primary focus of the dialogue, are given no personal description at all (271b, 273a). Indeed, when Ctesippus takes up a tirade against them in the Lyceum, he is completely unable to identify them, addressing them as, â€Å"men of Thurii or Chios, or from wherever and however you like to be styled† (288b). In his frustration at their elusiveness, he articulates this very unnatural ability of the brothers to be from everywhere and argue any position, and quite accurately compares them to Proteus, the shape-shifter (288c). Moreover, the brothers are interested in hiding their past occupations in order to appear to be purely teachers of â€Å"virtue,† as Euthydemus insists (273d). Socrates makes a point of reminding both the audience in the Lyceum and Crito that the brothers achieved their reputation as teachers of military combat and rhetoric (271d-272b, 273c). Euthydemus is eager to belittle these skills, laughing when Socrates praises them and calling them â€Å"diversions† to his main interest (273c). However, Socrates does not discard them as easily, and in his later conversation with Crito, he praises the brothers as â€Å"all-round fighters† and considers their skill at eristic to be the â€Å"finishing touch to pancrastic art,† implying that we must view it in concert with their previous interests in order to understand what is so striking about it that it should motivate Socrates to want to seek out their tutelage (272a). Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus :: Essays Papers Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus What is particularly striking about the opening exchanges of the Euthydemus between Socrates and Crito is that they seem to establish the setting and characters of the dialogue concretely—Socrates and his attractive young friend Clinias meet the well-known brothers Euthydemus and Dionysodorus at the Lyceum and ask them to display what Crito calls their â€Å"particular wisdom,† and what they call simply â€Å"virtue.† However, within these first few pages of dialogue, we already begin to sense something about the brothers that makes them difficult to pin down. When Crito asks, â€Å"Where do they come from, and what is their particular wisdom?†, Socrates is vague on their origins—they are from both Greece and Italy, and at the time of the dialogue, they are exiles with no proper city (271c). Thus, they seem to be from everywhere at once. Their â€Å"particular wisdom† turns out to be quite unparticular as well—Socrates claims they can win any fight, making them, one would assume, wise at everything. Whereas both Socrates and Crito dwell on the physical and character descriptions of Clinias and even Ctesippus, the brothers, who are ostensibly the primary focus of the dialogue, are given no personal description at all (271b, 273a). Indeed, when Ctesippus takes up a tirade against them in the Lyceum, he is completely unable to identify them, addressing them as, â€Å"men of Thurii or Chios, or from wherever and however you like to be styled† (288b). In his frustration at their elusiveness, he articulates this very unnatural ability of the brothers to be from everywhere and argue any position, and quite accurately compares them to Proteus, the shape-shifter (288c). Moreover, the brothers are interested in hiding their past occupations in order to appear to be purely teachers of â€Å"virtue,† as Euthydemus insists (273d). Socrates makes a point of reminding both the audience in the Lyceum and Crito that the brothers achieved their reputation as teachers of military combat and rhetoric (271d-272b, 273c). Euthydemus is eager to belittle these skills, laughing when Socrates praises them and calling them â€Å"diversions† to his main interest (273c). However, Socrates does not discard them as easily, and in his later conversation with Crito, he praises the brothers as â€Å"all-round fighters† and considers their skill at eristic to be the â€Å"finishing touch to pancrastic art,† implying that we must view it in concert with their previous interests in order to understand what is so striking about it that it should motivate Socrates to want to seek out their tutelage (272a).

Market Structure Simulation

Market Structure Simulation Quasar Computers When industries are selling similar products this makes up market structure. I will be discussing economic profit that Quasar computer is able to make. The market structure is made of the following pure monopoly, pure competition, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. In the simulation I learn about pricing and non pricing strategies and understanding the diverse market structure. Quasar put out a new first all-optical notebook that is called Neutron. Quasar had to come with strategy regarding price and gain profit while having the only notebook on the market and monopolizing. To give a basic overview we Quasar set the price at $2,550 per notebook to create a place and so that marginal cost will equal to marginal revenue. In 2004 Quasar Computers had to review the advertising. The recommendation was $500 million. My price was $2,450, total cost 13. 29, total revenue 15. 1 and total profit was 1. 82. Due to the new lunch, David thought it would be a good idea to upgrade production. Jane thinks we should improve on the areas that we had major losses. Quasar Computers would need to sell more than over $500 million to make a profit and the Neutron would have to be priced higher. In 2006 competition arrises and we have to lower our prices, work on brand building to make sure we can keep our gain from Orin Technolgies since the company gain 50% of the market in notebooks. Orin Technologies is now in the same industry as Quasar and we are no longer monopolizing but Oligopoly. I think Quasar was a bit caught off guard. They had to think fast before competition became an issue. Quasar had to make decision quick if they should invest more funds into the marketing if they wanted to sell notebooks and reach out to a larger base of consumers or work on research and development. If Quasar wanted to success they had to stop and think about what infficiences they had and not expect to sell the same amount of quantity. Also during the time Orin came in the demand Neutron was sloping down and which increasing any price would just have consumer not buying any of their products. For Quasar to be sucesseful they have to focus on affordable but yet quality technology to remain in the game. Quasar how to reinvent technology and make their notebook fun and consumer entertained. Reference Geoff, R. (2006) Retrieved from http://tutor2u. net/economics/revision-notes/as-macro-macroeconomic-policy. html U. S. Department of Commerce. (November 23, 2011). Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved from http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/pi/pinewsrelease. htm McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. U. S Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2011, November 22). Personal Income and Outlay. Retrieved November 27, 2011 http://www. bea. gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease. htm Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. (2011, February 3). The Economic Outlook and Macroeconomic Policy. Retrieved November 27, 2011

Jeep and Social Media Essay

In recent years, social media has become an incredibly important tool with which people communicate. Young and old people alike use Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and blogs to relay messages and connect with one another. However, these platforms are no longer used by individuals solely. More and more companies have begun to use social media to reach out to current and future customers and to advertise themselves. It is not uncommon for company Facebook pages and Twitter feeds to have a large number of subscribers or followers nowadays. One company that uses social media quite effectively is Jeep. The company uses outlets like Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube to reach out to their customers and try to capture new ones. Jeep uses social media to target a different type of audience than most companies. Whereas many firms would be trying to capture new customers, Jeep is more devoted to engaging existing customers and connecting Jeep owners. In doing this, Jeep’s target audience consists mainly men and women who are of driving age. There are a few other qualifications though. One of the attractions of a Jeep is the ruggedness and outdoorsy image that it embodies. Therefore, the target audience that Jeep tries to reach through it’s social media usage would most likely include those that are interested in a number of outdoor activities. In addition, though the Jeeps are sold to customers of any age, it seems that most users of social media are in the younger generations. While this is currently beginning to change, it is reasonable to believe that Jeep’s social media is targeted more towards younger Jeep owners – most likely those customers whose age lies in the range of the early teens to the late thirties. As already mentioned, Jeep’s focus is not really to attract new customers but to provide existing owners with a number of different ways to connect with eachother and with the company itself. Establishing these connections is where the interactivity of Jeep’s social media platforms comes into play. The main parts of Jeep’s social media are the Jeep Facebook page, the Jeep MySpace page, the Jeep Twitter feed, the official Flickr group, the Jeep YouTube account, and an online community titled â€Å"Come Together†. All of these places are used as exchanges where Jeep owners and enthusiasts can interact with one another. These interactions consist of uploading and viewing photos and videos to the Flickr and YouTube accounts, commenting on interesting segments on the â€Å"Come Together† community site, or talking to each other on the Facebook and MySpace pages. While there are not many contests or downloads that Jeep tries to push on visitors to their sites, visitors are strongly encouraged to post photos and comments relating to their personal experiences with the company. I have personally worked in a company that makes and sells aftermarket Jeep accessories and have seen firsthand how proud and involved Jeep owners can be over their Jeeps. Therefore, it is not surprising that these sites and social media platforms are often very successful in getting viewers to post photos, videos, and comments about their Jeeps and any others they see on the sites. There is no real advertising for products taking place on these social media sites. Instead, the sites act merely as an exchange of ideas and opinions between customers and the company. However, this is an example of a very good product marketing strategy. When site visitors view pictures of other Jeep owners’ vehicles, they may often see products on the other vehicles that they like and become interested in purchasing. This will often lead to sales of Jeep accessories without any real advertising expenses incurred by the company. Reviews, photos, and videos from actual customers serve to enhance the products in other people’s minds and indirectly lead to visitors purchasing goods. Traditional advertising is also integrated in all of these social media sites. All of Jeep’s current regular television commercials are posted on both the YouTube and MySpace pages. Print ads can also be found on the MySpace page. However, while traditional advertising can be found in many places on Jeep’s social media sites, it is not the focus. Jeep uses these sites more to promote connectivity between the customers. It seems as though they want visitors to forget that all these sites are part of a corporate marketing strategy; instead they want to promote the idea that the sites are merely a way for owners to exchange photos and stories about their experiences with the Jeeps they have bought. The company is not trying to push new products down the customers’ throats but rather is interested in hearing about the likes and dislikes that the customers have. I believe that this dedication to engaging the customer is part of what makes Jeep owners so devoted to the company. Therefore, Jeep’s social media platform is very effective at doing what the company sets out to do.

Abbreviation with Names and of Titles

Abbreviation with Names and of Titles Abbreviation with Names and of Titles Abbreviation with Names and of Titles By Mark Nichol This post outlines major conventions regarding the use of initials and abbreviations in association with people’s names. Periods are used with initials in names (â€Å"W. E. B. Du Bois†) unless someone is referred to exclusively by his or her initials (â€Å"FDR†). Note, too, that in formal writing, a space separates each initial used in a full name, as shown in the first example here, though periodicals and other less formal publications generally omit the spaces (â€Å"W.E.B. Du Bois†). Civil or military titles are often abbreviated before a full name but not before a surname alone (â€Å"Sen. Elizabeth Warren,† but â€Å"Senator Warren†), although inclusion of the title with the surname is generally not necessary. (In this case, Warren alone is suitable for subsequent references to the person after the introduction of her by her full name.) In situations in which space is at a premium, as in a chart or table, abbreviation can be applied more liberally, and in that case it’s best to be consistent within the graphic element even if sufficient space is available with some names but not others. Social titles such as Mr. and Ms. are rarely used in published writing anymore, except in quoted material, and are redundant when initials designating an academic degree or professional attainment follow a name. (For example, in the phrase â€Å"Dr. Jane Smith, MD,† Dr. and MD are two ways of expressing the same information.) Note that such references as MD, or CPA (for â€Å"certified public accountant†), are appended to a name enclosed between commas, but when abbreviations such as Jr. and III follow a name, no intervening punctuation is necessary (as in â€Å"John Smith Jr. was honored at the ceremony†). In narrative, spell out titles such as â€Å"the Reverend† and â€Å"the Honorable† before a full name (and do use the article), but they can be abbreviated as Rev. or Hon. (without the article) in a list. When referring to a saint, spell out that word unless space is limited; St. is the correct abbreviation. (When the word or abbreviation appears in a person’s name, honor the style that person uses.) Most titles specifying one’s role in a company or organization are generally not abbreviated, but one exception is often made for the most senior executive, the CEO (â€Å"chief executive officer†). That title is often abbreviated without a full spelling on first reference, though titles for others, such as â€Å"chief operating officer,† who work in what is known as the C-suite (because the first word of the job titles for these people is chief, abbreviated with a capital c) are usually spelled out. (Specialized publications catering to an audience familiar with such titles often abbreviate them on first reference, however.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Dissatisfied vs. Unsatisfied

Stakeholder Relationships Student Copy Essays

Stakeholder Relationships Student Copy Essays Stakeholder Relationships Student Copy Paper Stakeholder Relationships Student Copy Paper Secondary stakeholders c. Primary stakeholders d. Investors e. Customers 4. A firm that makes use of a recognizes other stakeholders beyond investors, employees, and suppliers, and explicitly acknowledges the ;o-way dialog that exists between a firms internal and external environments. A. Stakeholder model of corporate governance b. Stakeholder bias c. Code of ethics d. Stakeholder interaction model e. Corporate interface model 5. The degree to which a firm understands and addresses stakeholder demands can be referred to as a. A stakeholder orientation. A shareholder orientation. C. The stakeholder interaction model. D. A two-way street. E. A continuum. 6. Which of the following is not a method typically employed by firms when researching relevant stakeholder groups? A. Surveys b. Focus groups . Internet searches d. Press reviews e. Guessing 7. A stakeholder orientation can be viewed as a(n) a. Necessity for business success. B. Continuum. C. Popularizing concept. D. Good marketing p loy. E. Expensive proposition. 8. Shareholders provide resources to an organization that are critical to long term success. Which of the following does the book suggest that suppliers offer? A. The promise of customer loyalty b. Material resources and/or intangible knowledge c. Infrastructure d. Revenue e. Leadership skills 9. Which of the following is not associated with the stakeholder interaction model? A. Involves a two-way relationship between firm and stakeholders b. Recognizes the input of investors, employees, and suppliers c. Explicitly acknowledges dialogue with a firms internal environment d. Explicitly acknowledges dialogue with a firms external environment e. Accountability, oversight, and control all fall under the definition and implementation of corporate a. Profit. B. Loyalty. C. Care. D. Governance. E. Diligence. 15. Major corporate governance issues normally involve the response that is most correct) a. Strategic-level b. Tactical-level c. Divisional-level d. Marketing-level e. Accounting-level decisions. (Choose 16. Which of the following is a major ethical concern among corporate boards of directors? A. Compensation b. The non-traditional directorship approach c. Dividend reporting d. Corporate social audits e. Debt swaps 17. One policy to address the issue of executive pay was implemented by J. P. Morgan, it stated that a. There should be no limit on what top executives can earn. B. Managers should earn no more than twenty times the pay of other employees. C. Top managers should make the same amount as other employees. D. Employees can determine how much managers make. E. The government should determine the worth of each managers service. 18. The specific steps for implementing the stakeholder perspective do not include which of the following? A. Identifying stakeholder groups b. Identifying stakeholder issues c.

Brand audit of cadbury dairy milk

The journey of Cadbury started way back in the year 1905 from Bourneville, UK. But it came to Indian market in 1948. From the time it was introduced in India, Dairy Milk has been the market leader in the confectionery segment. It has average daily sales of 1 Million bars. The reason that our group chose Cadbury Dairy Milk for the Brand Audit is that it provides us with ample scope to study the various aspects of Branding like Communication Strategies, Innovative Ad Campaigns, and Emotional Connect with Consumers, Brand Repositioning, and Rebranding etc†¦ We will study the evolution of Cadbury Dairy Milk by focusing on following Aspects: In 1824, John Cadbury opened a shop in Birmingham. This one-man business, trading mainly in Tea Coffee was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited. For over 100 years Cadbury was a family business. In 1943 non family directors were appointed. In 1847, the enterprise had prospered to a large factory in Bridge Street, Birmingham. John Cadbury took his brother Benjamin into partnership and the family business became Cadbury Brothers Birmingham. The business moved to Bourneville after outgrowing the Bridge Street Factory. The Workforce had risen up to 200 after 32 years at Bridge Street. After the death of two brothers in 1899, the company was privatized. It entered the era of scientific management; it introduced new ideas for their department like: On 2nd February, Kraft Foods took over 71% shares of Cadbury. They acquired it totally. But still Cadbury was on top in the market. This acquisition did not changed people’s mind and their craze for Cadbury Dairy Milk. OPERATIONS Cadbury’s operations are carried out in many countries. Few of them are: BRAND ELEMENTS Dairy Milk has been meticulously built around the world by Cadbury. It has been able to sustain a strong position in the market. There are many branding elements which have resulted into consistent result of its success. Few core Branding Elements are as given below: Not only the above three, But there are many more elements due to which the consistent Branding of Dairy Milk is so very popular. Its different Advertisements, its punch lines etc†¦ It has always kept a strong association with Milk, with slogans such as â€Å"a glass and half of full cream milk in every half pound. And also advertisement which featured a glass of milk pouring out and forming the Dairy Milk bar. Also the ad campaigns are also the important element of Dairy Milk. It made chocolate an eating habit among the consumers, especially the adults. Long back it was a belief that chocolate is only for kids. But Dairy Milk changed this belief. Also they changed the trend of Sweets (Mithai) during the occasions like Diwali, New Year etc†¦ Dairy Milk brought a new trend that whether any occasion, Dairy Milk is best for all. It also gave some famous dialogues from the ads which people remember always. They were also the core brand elements of Dairy Milk. Let us see them below: All these above dialogues were form the very famous and popular ad’s of Dairy Milk. By this ad they wanted to covey to the people that for eating Dairy Milk they do not have to wait for any occasion. They can just have it. Whether they are happy or Sad, But Dairy Milk can be taken in any of the mood. BRAND PORTFOLIO Worldwide In June 1905, Cadbury launched its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of milk and it became the best selling product of the company by 1913. Fruit and Nut was introduced in 1928. In 2003, Cadbury made Dairy Milk into a family brand by taking the brands like Caramel, Whole Nut, and Wispa and marketed them as the sub-brands of Dairy Milk. By 2006, there were 15 Dairy Milk sub-brands produced in UK including Shortcake Biscuit, Wafer, Orange Chips, Mint Chips, Crispies and Cream Egg. In following two years these brands were discontinued as they were not successful. Indian Market The Dairy Milk Brand alone accounts for approximately 33% of total Cadbury’s sales. It has made Cadbury the number one confectionery brand in the market. Currently in India, Dairy Milk has following sub-brands under its name. They are; BRAND POSITIONING The Brand Positioning of Cadbury Dairy Milk in mid 90’s was that chocolate is not only for kids but also for adults. And to prove this they immediately released the very popular† Real Taste of Life† campaign , shifting the focus from â€Å"just for kids† to â€Å" kid in all of us†. Let us see the Brand Positioning of Dairy Milk on segmentation bases on two main bases. And they are: Demographic Dairy Milk silk is little higher in cost compared to ordinary Dairy Milk, Fruit and Nut and Crackle. But still people love to have Dairy Milk. Silk is the premium Brand of Dairy Milk Behavioral As we know that Dairy Milk is the only Brand who is the only one to promote chocolate as an important part of Festivals as well as it changed the mind sets of the people that chocolate is not only for kids but for all. The strategy to target adults was taken further with the help of a brand new positioning â€Å"Kuch Meetha Ho Jaye†. For Indians occasions and festivals have utmost importance and Dairy Milk rigorously focused on this point and set a new trend of having Dairy Milk in place of â€Å"Mithai† during the occasions. COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Up to 2002, Cadbury was the one having 70 % market shares in chocolate industry. Out of which 30% was the Dairy Milk alone. This is because of constant re-invention of the brand bombarding communication towards the consumers consistently to maintain the top position in mind recall in confectionery segment. Dairy Milk was awarded as No. 1 most trusted brand in Mumbai 2005 for the edition of Brand Equity’s most trusted Brand Survey. Dairy Milk targeted all the aspects as possible to get into the heart of all the people, of all age groups. For this they communicated with people through different Ad’s Campaigns. Let us see few of them below: Shubh Aarambh was one of successful campaigns of Dairy Milk. This means Auspicious Beginning. With this campaign they said that for whatever you start, start it with Dairy Milk and it will be successful. For this they chose the best to advertise: Amitabh Bacchhan. Tools for Communication Dairy Milk used different media options to communicate different campaigns and promote Dairy milk. They are: TV Advertisements is the most popular method for Dairy Milk to show their new campaigns to people so that they can more and more relate it with their personal lives. They also have ground promotions in different malls. They arrange some contests also to promote their brand. DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY As we know that Dairy Milk holds 30% value share of chocolate market. The demand of chocolate is increasing day by day. And Dairy Milk is no. 1 in that race. Indian market specifically where the penetration of chocolates is increasing, brings a need for efficiency in logistics and distribution. There is stiff competition in the confectionery market due to large exposure of foreign currency rate risk, mainly on account of import of cocoa beans, cocoa butter. Cadbury Dairy Milk is easily available anywhere in the market. Cadbury’s success of proper distribution is their efficiency. PRICING STRATEGY Dairy Milk is positioned towards age group of 4-50, and thus the price is accordingly kept affordable. Also it is easily accessible to all categories. Price range starts from Rs. 5 to Rs. 20 in different sizes. Cadbury Dairy Milk fruit and nut starts from Rs. 30. Dairy Milk Silk is a premium brand and thus the price of it is little higher that is Rs. 50. COMPETITOR’S ANALYSIS In Indian Market, the main players in the confectionery market are Cadbury, Nestle, Candico, ITC and Parle. Let us see the competitors of Cadbury Dairy Milk in detail below Company Founded in Brand Portfolio Kraft Foods 1903 Cadbury Dairy Milk Variants, Eclairs, Bourn vita etc†¦ Nestle 1860 Kitkat, Smarties Ferrero 1940 Rocher, Raffaelo, Nutella Amul 1945 Milk Chocolate, Fruit and Nut chocolate Candico 1997 Loco Poco Gum, Big Bubble ITC 2002(Confectionery Segment) Minto and Candy man Parle 1929 Melody, Mango Bite, Poppins, Kismi, Orange Candy POINT OF PARITY (POP) POINT OF DIFFERENCE (POD) POP’s POD’s OF CADBURY DAIRY MILK Point of Parity Point of Difference Chocolate manufacturing Legacy Goodwill Variants such as Fruit Nut, Dark Chocolate Emotional connect with customers Constant innovation in ads Generic name in Indian chocolate market Good quality products Campaigns targeting from kids to adults Association with milk Excellent distribution systems 2 Layer packaging Dairy Milk is the only one chocolate which says that in occasions also it can be used as sweet. BRAND EXPLORATORY Customer Knowledge Cadbury dairy Milk has been trying to get out of the image of† Just another chocolate† and become something special in the minds of the people. They have also been trying to position themselves as chocolates for all age groups and not just kids. The campaign has successfully created a picture in the mind of the customers that Cadbury is not just a chocolate but means of celebrations. Sources of Brand Equity There are two main sources of Brand Equity and they are: Based on various search results, Cadbury’s Dairy Milk not only enjoys high level of Brand Awareness but unaided Brand Recall. This level of recall is generated when Dairy Milk enjoys The Top of the Mind Effect. The Brand image of Cadbury Dairy Milk plays an important role in building the Brand Equity of Dairy Milk through the medium of unique brand associations. Right from Kuch Meetha Ho Jaye campaign to the recent Shubh Aarambh, Dairy Milk has managed to create strong, unique, and favorable brand associations in the minds of the consumers which is commendable. Brand Recall and Brand image are the strong supports that Dairy Milk has with its all time availability and attractive packaging which only adds to the Brand associations for the Dairy Milk and help build its Brand Equity. Two more important sources of Brand Equity are: \ BRAND AMBASSADORS As we know that previously Dairy Milk was only considered as Chocolate, but their new campaign has changed this perception of consumers. As discussed above now Dairy Milk is considered as Traditional sweet of Indian culture(Mithai) which people give to their near and dear ones on the occasions and now they use Dairy Milk as sweet(Mithai). Brand Ambassador chosen for Dairy Milk is none other than Megastar Amitabh Bacchhan. He endorsed the brand so successfully that everyone loved the brand much more than they did. The endorsement has successfully captured the Indian festivals like Rakshabandhan, Diwali, Wedding, Birthdays etc†¦ Now people give Dairy Milk as token of love, care and affection to their friends and family. DAIRY MILK MENTAL MAP These three form the mental map of Dairy Milk which associates with them the different aspects. Let us see them in detail: CBBE MODEL BRAND MANTRA OF DAIRY MILK SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Weakness Dairy milk is owned by Cadbury which is a globally established brand name known for its manufacturing competency and leadership in innovation. The recent acquisition of Cadbury by Kraft Foods may result in somewhat negative effect on the brand. Dairy Milk has been able to establish a clear and consistent Brand Image over the years. Dairy Milk is somewhat lacking in other emerging markets. It has strong command over its brand image in India and Europe But other places it is lacking. It offers quality product with innovations with crafted communication campaign Certain segment feel that price of Dairy Milk is high and compared to that Amul Milk chocolate is preferred. Dairy Milk has huge command over its distribution network spanning across India. Dairy Milk also enjoys a great Brand Recall value when comes to chocolates with Milk. Threats Opportunities Increasing competition from international brands is biggest threat to Dairy Milk To introduce sugar free category is biggest opportunity for Dairy Milk. Highly price sensitive nature of the industry. Dairy Milk can innovate more by bringing international flavors so that is also gets an opportunity to compete with this threat as well. BRAND STRATEGIES The marketing strategy that a business uses must reflect the objectives of the business as a whole. These strategies must therefore be consistent with the wider corporate objectives of the organization. Strategies are likely to be influenced by the attitudes of decision makers towards matters such as the desirability of risk and change. Such attitudes are influenced not only by the environment within which a business operates but also by the views of Managers and Directors and the culture of business itself. External influences also play a major role in any products advertising, its position in the market. They range from consumers to press and media, and also health and safety laws. PEST Analysis will more clearly throw light on external environment and global factors that may affect Dairy Milk’s Business. This will give a quick and visual representation of the external pressures facing the business and their possible constraints on strategy. PEST means: Political Factors Cadbury at the time of finalizing any marketing strategy will have to think of different political factors regionally, nationally and internationally.

Keeping staff motivated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Keeping staff motivated - Essay Example The organization’s management has to understand its staff’s behavior to motivate the employees successfully. Therefore, numerous organizations experience problems when it comes to motivating the staff, as the process can be complicated. An organization with motivated staff will be successful in achieving its objectives. Lack of motivation leads to inefficiency, absenteeism and a stressful work environment, therefore, resulting to an unproductive staff (Stecher and Rosse, 2007). This paper will discuss the problem that organizations face in staff motivation and the different methods that can be employed to ensure that an organization’s employees are motivated to work efficiently and productively. When an organization’s personnel is unmotivated, there are more incidences of absenteeism, wastage of time, inefficiency and low quality work. This can lead to huge losses for the organization. On the other hand, motivated employees are excited about the nature of their work and they will work hard without supervision. They are also able to find new ways of completing tasks or solving problems. Therefore, motivation is important in enhancing creativity among the employees. Staff motivation is crucial at the work place, since the employees are enthusiastic about their work, thus putting in some extra effort in their work. This ensure that quality work is produced, thus enhancing efficiency and increasing the organization’s overall performance. Take the example of the Japanese Automobile Industry where fewer workers are required due to high productivity. Analysts have found out that Japanese workers are highly motivated, therefore, requiring very few employees in the aut omobile industry. Highly motivated employees are more satisfied with their jobs than demotivated ones. Managers have realized that job satisfaction goes hand in hand with high levels of commitment and low employee

Pursuing Criminal Syndicates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pursuing Criminal Syndicates - Essay Example In case of a terror attack, the doctors’ lack of bioterrorism knowledge would cause worse situation (Frist, 2009). The other significant concern is the inability of the government to deliver medicines in case of a bioterrorism attack. This situation is worrying since the citizens would lack quick response from the government, to deal with an occurrence of bioterrorism. There is a lack of adequate response techniques and strategies because of the rapid spread of such outbreaks such as smallpox. The outbreak is also air-borne and has a potential for unimaginable large numbers of fatalities (Frist, 2009). The police plays a significant role in responding in resolving to event of bioterrorism. Firstly, they help controlling movement out and in the contaminated areas. This aims at stopping the spread of contamination (Frist, 2009). In conjunction with the medical personnel, they play a part in determining the extent of exposure. Secondly, they are critical in bringing in resources needed to characterize the contaminated areas in preparation for remediation. This includes feeding the workers, storage of supply and equipment as well as laboratory facilities (Frist, 2009). Thirdly, the police plays even a bigger role participating in investigating the attacks. This tries to find out the culprits and understand their motives. This also helps to prevent further attacks from the terrorists by when they arrest them (Frist, 2009). This entails a society, which resolves to violence or criminal activities for selfish benefits. There are various forms or categories of organized crimes. Firstly, there are providers of services termed illegal by law. This includes such activities as gambling, prostitution, and protection (Albanese, 2010). Secondly, there are individual in the supply of prohibited goods, comprising of drugs and pornography. Another form includes the money laundering

Risk Assessment. The business of Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Risk Assessment. The business of Tesco - Essay Example Tesco has its retail stores spread over 14 countries all over the world and also holds the leading market share in the retail markets of UK. The primary products of Tesco include the retail grocery items and other retails consumer products that are being sold through its departmental stores, supermarkets and the retail chains. The economic liberalization policies adopted by the policy makers have resulted in the increase in the number of players in the retail grocery markets of UK and in other countries. In order to attain sustainability of business, Tesco has diversified its product portfolio with the activities of retailing of clothes, electronic items, music DVDs, books , financial services, etc (Tesco 1). Vulnerability to risks The business of Tesco which is spread in several countries all over the world is vulnerable to several risks. A list of risks to which the business of Tesco is vulnerable has been given in tabular form below. Sl. No. Risk 1 Interest Rate Risk 2 Foreign Cur rency Risk 3 Liquidity risk 4 Credit Risk 5 Insurance Risk The two major risks to which the business of Tesco is most vulnerable are the interest rate risk and the foreign currency risk (Frank 174). Due to the increase in interest rates as an outcome of the monetary policy, the interest payout in the form of debt liabilities are likely to increase (Weston 24). This would result in increased cash outflows which reduce the net income of the group and also lesser repayment of debt and liabilities. This is risky for Tesco as they would continue to have higher proportions of debt with respect to the equity (Tesco 1). The foreign currency risk is the uncertainty that Tesco faces due to the fluctuation of currencies in the local markets. As a result of the depreciation of the local currency, the currency conversion rates between the local currency and Pound Sterling would be affected (Cowan 96). This poses the risk to Tesco as foreign currency fluctuation would result in reduction of reven ue earnings of the group and the volume of profits repatriated to the home country would also decrease (Whaley 226). Probability The probability of the two risks, namely the interest rate risk and the foreign currency risk have been explained as follows based on the information available from the annual reports of Tesco and the events that have occurred in the last financial year. The interest rate risk poses uncertainty to Tesco as the company is subject to fluctuation of interest rates by the central banks in several countries (Sullivan and Sheffrin 172). As per the information available from the annual reports of Tesco, it has been observed that the company had to bear the cost of increase in the interest rates implemented by the central banks. As monetary policies and in order to control the inflation rates in the economy, the increase in the interest rates has been implemented by the central banks in many countries where Tesco runs its operations (Brown 341). Thus the cost of d ebt incurred by the company has increased (Handlechner 36). The probability for the fluctuation of interest rates has been assumed to be 60% looking at the trend of impacts on the financial parameters of Tesco’s performance. It is highly probable that the foreign currency conversion rates are further going to fluctuate as the economies are in the mode of restructuring after the occurrence of the global financial crisis (Hennessy and Zechner 271). The uncertainty in the foreign currency conversion is likely to have a cascading effect on financial performance of Tesco. The cost of finance obtained by Tesco in the local mark

Tylenol Recall Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tylenol Recall - Research Paper Example and Drug Administration regulator supervised the removal of five Tylenol products from the shelves after consumers complained that Tylenol bottles had a moldy like odor. Some of the consumers reported experiencing stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting after taking pills from those packages. (fda.gov). On that same year, the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulator issued a press release statement expanding the recall that included all Tylenol arthritis pain drugs. According to the ABC news network, a further 54 million bottles and packages of pills were pulled from the shelves across the country that year. To the consumers, the Tylenol recall came as a relief especially since they had complained a year earlier about the products’ packaging (abcnews.go.com). On one of the news report aired on the ABC news network, the complaints are reported to have started back in the year 2008 but it is only after the FDA intervened that Johnson and Johnson reacted extensively. The following year, there was a massive voluntary recall by Johnson & Johnson Company under the FDA supervision. The recall saw McNeil consumer Healthcare, a child company of Johnson and Johnson, take actions to compensate its customers. According to the FDA press statement, a consumer who had purchased Tylenol arthritis pain medicine were requested to stop taking the pills and seek either refunds or replacement from the company. After pulling millions of bottles from the shelves , the government began a series of criminal investigations. In a federal court case in Philadelphia dated 10th march, 2015, McNeil settled for a criminal fine of 20 million dollars following an incidence that dates back to 1st May, 2009. A consumer had reported finding foreign materials in an infant Tylenol medication. Investigations later confirmed the materials to be harmful. Many of the widely products were pulled from the shelves affecting its millions of users. For example, Tylenol arthritis medicine was one the

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS - Research Paper Example The number of individuals acquiring the disease is also increasing. The growing concern today however, lies on the mounting difference in the number of African Americans and their White counterparts being infected or even dying from the disease. Women in particular, have constantly become the subject of people’s concerns regarding the matter of AIDS. This paper aims to present and discuss the statistics regarding the disparity between Blacks and Whites being diagnosed with AIDS. Moreover, the factors affecting this disparity will be presented. The importance of the role of the government in addressing this issue will be discussed and finally, a conclusion will be provided. The Statistics of AIDS in the United States In past statistics, African Americans were found to constitute the majority of individuals infected with AIDS1, 2. In the Black population, males comprised two-thirds or about 65% of new infections3. Furthermore, the rate at which Black men acquire new HIV infectio n is 6 times higher than White men and 2 times higher than black women4. On the other hand, the rate at which Black women acquire new HIV infection is 15 times higher than White women.5As such, the rate of death is also expected to be higher among Black women. Black females have a lower rate of infection in comparison to Black males. However, Black females are more affected by the disease in comparison to women from other races.6The large scale of Black womenbeing infected with, as well as dyingfrom AIDS has attracted attention from different areas and departments of the society. More so since there is yet to be a clear decline in the mortality rates of AIDS-infected African-American womenwhereas mortality rates of AIDS-infected White women have continually decreased. Ethnic disparities concerning HIV/AIDS infection and mortality are consistent in all states.7Figure 1 below presents a comparison of HIV/AIDS mortalities between Black and White populations in the United States. The hu ge difference between the races is evident except perhaps among the 15- to 24-year-old age group where the statistics were almost the same if not, slightly different. Figure 2 below presents the gender and racial comparisons with regards to new cases of HIV infectionin Massachusetts. The large disparity between Black females and White females as well as the large difference between the number of White males and Black males getting infected with AIDS are evident. According to Cole, Church, Fukuda et al.,8the percentage of Black women who have acquired HIV in the year 2006 – 2008 is 51% as compared to 20% of White women. This shows that Black women have almost twice the risk of acquiring the disease as compared to White women. However, it is also shown that from 2006 – 2008, White men have a higher percentage of new infections compared to Black malesin Massachusetts.This could be attributed to gay activities; however, not well-defined. In 2007, it has been reported that HIV was the third leading cause of mortality for black men and women aged 35-44.9 HIV also became the ninth leading cause of mortality for all blacks.10 In fact, about 233,624 Blacks who were diagnosed with AIDS had died in the United States.11 Moreover, African American women were known to be 22 times more likely to die

Risk Assessment. The business of Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Risk Assessment. The business of Tesco - Essay Example Tesco has its retail stores spread over 14 countries all over the world and also holds the leading market share in the retail markets of UK. The primary products of Tesco include the retail grocery items and other retails consumer products that are being sold through its departmental stores, supermarkets and the retail chains. The economic liberalization policies adopted by the policy makers have resulted in the increase in the number of players in the retail grocery markets of UK and in other countries. In order to attain sustainability of business, Tesco has diversified its product portfolio with the activities of retailing of clothes, electronic items, music DVDs, books , financial services, etc (Tesco 1). Vulnerability to risks The business of Tesco which is spread in several countries all over the world is vulnerable to several risks. A list of risks to which the business of Tesco is vulnerable has been given in tabular form below. Sl. No. Risk 1 Interest Rate Risk 2 Foreign Cur rency Risk 3 Liquidity risk 4 Credit Risk 5 Insurance Risk The two major risks to which the business of Tesco is most vulnerable are the interest rate risk and the foreign currency risk (Frank 174). Due to the increase in interest rates as an outcome of the monetary policy, the interest payout in the form of debt liabilities are likely to increase (Weston 24). This would result in increased cash outflows which reduce the net income of the group and also lesser repayment of debt and liabilities. This is risky for Tesco as they would continue to have higher proportions of debt with respect to the equity (Tesco 1). The foreign currency risk is the uncertainty that Tesco faces due to the fluctuation of currencies in the local markets. As a result of the depreciation of the local currency, the currency conversion rates between the local currency and Pound Sterling would be affected (Cowan 96). This poses the risk to Tesco as foreign currency fluctuation would result in reduction of reven ue earnings of the group and the volume of profits repatriated to the home country would also decrease (Whaley 226). Probability The probability of the two risks, namely the interest rate risk and the foreign currency risk have been explained as follows based on the information available from the annual reports of Tesco and the events that have occurred in the last financial year. The interest rate risk poses uncertainty to Tesco as the company is subject to fluctuation of interest rates by the central banks in several countries (Sullivan and Sheffrin 172). As per the information available from the annual reports of Tesco, it has been observed that the company had to bear the cost of increase in the interest rates implemented by the central banks. As monetary policies and in order to control the inflation rates in the economy, the increase in the interest rates has been implemented by the central banks in many countries where Tesco runs its operations (Brown 341). Thus the cost of d ebt incurred by the company has increased (Handlechner 36). The probability for the fluctuation of interest rates has been assumed to be 60% looking at the trend of impacts on the financial parameters of Tesco’s performance. It is highly probable that the foreign currency conversion rates are further going to fluctuate as the economies are in the mode of restructuring after the occurrence of the global financial crisis (Hennessy and Zechner 271). The uncertainty in the foreign currency conversion is likely to have a cascading effect on financial performance of Tesco. The cost of finance obtained by Tesco in the local mark

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A Statistical Analysis of AIDS - Research Paper Example The number of individuals acquiring the disease is also increasing. The growing concern today however, lies on the mounting difference in the number of African Americans and their White counterparts being infected or even dying from the disease. Women in particular, have constantly become the subject of people’s concerns regarding the matter of AIDS. This paper aims to present and discuss the statistics regarding the disparity between Blacks and Whites being diagnosed with AIDS. Moreover, the factors affecting this disparity will be presented. The importance of the role of the government in addressing this issue will be discussed and finally, a conclusion will be provided. The Statistics of AIDS in the United States In past statistics, African Americans were found to constitute the majority of individuals infected with AIDS1, 2. In the Black population, males comprised two-thirds or about 65% of new infections3. Furthermore, the rate at which Black men acquire new HIV infectio n is 6 times higher than White men and 2 times higher than black women4. On the other hand, the rate at which Black women acquire new HIV infection is 15 times higher than White women.5As such, the rate of death is also expected to be higher among Black women. Black females have a lower rate of infection in comparison to Black males. However, Black females are more affected by the disease in comparison to women from other races.6The large scale of Black womenbeing infected with, as well as dyingfrom AIDS has attracted attention from different areas and departments of the society. More so since there is yet to be a clear decline in the mortality rates of AIDS-infected African-American womenwhereas mortality rates of AIDS-infected White women have continually decreased. Ethnic disparities concerning HIV/AIDS infection and mortality are consistent in all states.7Figure 1 below presents a comparison of HIV/AIDS mortalities between Black and White populations in the United States. The hu ge difference between the races is evident except perhaps among the 15- to 24-year-old age group where the statistics were almost the same if not, slightly different. Figure 2 below presents the gender and racial comparisons with regards to new cases of HIV infectionin Massachusetts. The large disparity between Black females and White females as well as the large difference between the number of White males and Black males getting infected with AIDS are evident. According to Cole, Church, Fukuda et al.,8the percentage of Black women who have acquired HIV in the year 2006 – 2008 is 51% as compared to 20% of White women. This shows that Black women have almost twice the risk of acquiring the disease as compared to White women. However, it is also shown that from 2006 – 2008, White men have a higher percentage of new infections compared to Black malesin Massachusetts.This could be attributed to gay activities; however, not well-defined. In 2007, it has been reported that HIV was the third leading cause of mortality for black men and women aged 35-44.9 HIV also became the ninth leading cause of mortality for all blacks.10 In fact, about 233,624 Blacks who were diagnosed with AIDS had died in the United States.11 Moreover, African American women were known to be 22 times more likely to die

The Industrial Revolution Essay Example for Free

The Industrial Revolution Essay The Industrial Revolution (1750-1914) has been one of the most dramatic and far reaching events the history of mankind. It brought about a significant change, replacing the worker based environment with one that was machine led, bringing with it the start of mass production. As Peter Sterns (1998) observed, â€Å"Few aspects of human life escaped serious transformation over the course of the industrial revolution. † The revolution did slow down between 1815-1914. The probable cause of this was the lack of scientific research to back up developments, something that became more prevalent at a later date. At the time of slow growth it was know that things did or did not work, but there was little scientific research from which to understand the reasoning behind the workings, thus development was slow. Like all things in life the Industrial Revolution brought with it both benefits and problems. Two of the most significant benefits were experienced in Travel and energy. With the advent of the revolution and the construction of railways and canals for transporting goods, constructors soon saw the advantages of producing passenger bearing ships and railways. These opened up the world for citizens of all nations. However, possibly one of the greatest benefits of the revolution was the development and harnessing of energy for use in the home, workplace and all forms of transport. Some of the drawbacks and problems related to the Industrial Revolution are only being felt in modern times. For example, the overuse of fossil fuels. At the time of the revolution little thought was given to whether fossil fuels were a finite or infinite resource. It has proved to be the former and today we are facing a future of limited resources. The other major problem is emissions and their affect on the environment. The advent of Global warming has been the price of the Revolution References Sterns, Peter N. (1998) The Industrial Revolution in World History, rev. ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998 Teich, Mikulas and Porter, Roy eds. (1996) The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA. Cambridge University Press. Wikipedia contributors. (Last Revised 11 July 2006) Industrial Revolution. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 July 2006 from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Industrial_Revolutionoldid=63218352

The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay

The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Collaboration is a interprofessional process of communication and decision making that enables shared knowledge and skills in health care providers to synergistically influence the ways service user/patient care and the broader community health services are provided (Way et al, 2002). The development of collaborative working will necessarily entail close interprofessional working (Wilson et al., 2008). According to Wilson et al, (2008) and Hughes, Hemmingway Smith, (2005) interprofessional and collaborative working describes considering the service user in a holistic way, and the benefits to the service user that different organisations, such as Social Workers (SW), Occupational Therapists (OT) and District Nurse (DN) and other health professionals can bring working together can achieve. These definitions describe collaborative working as the act of people working together toward common goals. Integrated working involves putting the service user at the centre of decision making to m eet their needs and improve their lives (Dept of Health, 2009). This paper will focus first see why health care students learn about working together then reviewing government policy and how this can be applied in a Social Care context, then on influencing factors on the outcomes of collaborative working references within the professional literature, and finally, reviewing evidence on collaborative practice in health and social care. Learning to work collaboratively with other professionals and agencies is a clear expectation of social worker in the prescribed curriculum for the new Social Work Degree (DoH 2002). The reasons are plain: à ¢-  Service users want social workers who can collaborate effectively with others to obtain and provide services (Audit Commission 2002) à ¢-  Collaboration is central in implementing strategies for effective care and protection of children and of vulnerable adultsas underlined, respectively, by the recent report of the Victoria Climbià © Inquiry (Laming 2003) and the earlier No Secrets policies (DoH 2000) à ¢-  Effective collaboration between staff at the front-line is also a crucial ingredient in delivering the Governments broader goals of partnership between services (Whittington 2003). Experience is growing of what is involved in learning for collaborative practice. This experience promises valuable information for Social Work Degree providers and others developing learning opportunities but has not been systematically researched in UK social work programmes for a decade (Whittington 1992; Whittington et al 1994). The providers of Diploma in Social Work programmes (DipSW) represented an untapped source of directly transferable experience in this area of learning and were therefore chosen as the focus of the study. Making collaborative practice a reality in institutions requires an understanding of the essential elements, persistent and continuing efforts, and rigorous evaluation of outcomes. Satisfaction, quality, and cost effectiveness are essential factors on two dimensions: outcomes for patient care providers; and outcomes for patients. Ultimately, collaborative practice can be recognized by demonstrated effective communication patterns, achievement of enhanced patient care outcomes, and efficient and effective support services in place. If these criteria are not met, collaborative practice is a myth and not a reality in your institution. Simms LM, Dalston JW, Roberts PW. Collaborative practice: myth or reality? Hosp Health Serv Adm. 1984 Nov-Dec;29(6):36-48. PubMed PMID: 10268659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Health care students are thought about collaboration so that they can see the unique contribution that each professional can bring to the provision of care in a truly holistic way. Learning about working together can help prevent the development of negative stereotypes, which can inhabit interprofessional collaboration. (Tunstall-Pedoe et al 2003) Health care students can link theory they have leant with practice and bring added value of successful collaborative practice. (www.facuity.londondeanery.ac.uk) Learning collaborative practice with other professionals is the core expectation in social work education both qualifying and post grad. Effective collaboration and interaction can directly influence a SU treatment, in a positive way, and the opposite can be said about ineffective collaboration that can have severe ramifications, which has been cited in numerous public inquiries. Professionals should also share information about SUs to keep themselves and their colleagues safe from harm. Working together to safeguard children states that training on safeguarding children and young people should be embedded within a wider framework of commitment to inter and multi-agency working at strategic and operational levels underpinned by shared goals, planning processes and values. The Children Act 1989 recognised that the identification and investigation of child abuse, together with the protection and support of victims and their families, requires multi-agency collaboration. Caring for People (DH, 1989) stated that successful collaboration required a clear, mutual understanding by every agency of each others responsibilities and powers, in order to make plain how and with whom collaboration should be secured. It is evident from the above that Government has been actively promoting collaborative working, and this is reflected in professional literature. Hence, the policy climate and legislative backdrop were established to facilitate inter-agency and intra-agency collaborati on. The stated aim has been to create high quality, needs-led, co-ordinated services that maximised choice for the service user (Payne, 1995). Political pressure in recent years has focused attention on interprofessional collaboration in SW (Pollard, Sellman Senior, 2005) and when viewed as a good thing, it is worthwhile to critically examine its benefits and drawbacks just what is so good about it. (Leathard, 2003). Interprofessional collaboration benefits the service user by the use of complementary skills, shared knowledge, resources and possibility better job satisfaction. Soon after the new Labour government in 1997 gave a powerful new impetus to the concept of collaboration and partnership between health professionals and services, they recognised this and there was a plethora of social policy initiatives official on collaborative working published. A clear indication of this can be found in NHS Plan (DH, 2000), Modernising the Social Services (DH, 1998a). Policies concentrat ed on agency structures and better joint working. This was nothing new, since the 1970s there has been a growing emphasis on multiagency working. 1974 saw the first big press involvement in the death of a child (Maria Coldwell) and they questioned why professionals were not able to protect children who they had identified as most at risk. The pendulum of threat to children then swung too much the other way and the thresholds for interventions were significantly lowered, which culminated with the Cleveland Inquiry of 1988 when children were removed from their families when there was little concrete evidence of harm (Butler-Sloss, 1988), with too much emphasis put on the medical opinion. An equilibrium was needed for a collaborative work ethic to share knowledge and skills and Munro (2010) states that other service agencies cannot and should not replace SWs, but there is a requirement for agencies to engage professionally about children, young people and families on their caseloads. T he Children Act 2004 (Dept of Health, 2004) and associated government guidance, introduced following the Public Inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbià © in 2000, including Every Child Matters (Dept of Health, 2003), were written to stress the importance of interprofessional and multiagency working and to help improve it. The failure to collaborate effectively was highlighted as one of many missed opportunities by the inquiry into the tragic death of Victoria Climbià © (Laming, 2003) and Baby Peter (Munro, 2009). There is an assumption that shared information is information understood problems with information sharing and effective commination are cited again and again in public enquiry reports Rose and Barnes 2008; Brandon et al, 2008). These problems can simply be about very practical issues, such as delays in information shearing, lost messages, names and addresses that are incorrectly recorded (Laming 2003 cited in Ten pitfalls and how to avoid them 2010) An explicit aim was to motivate the contribution of multiagency working. By 1997 Labour had been re elected and rolled out a number of studies into collaboration. These studies revealed the many complexities and obstacles to collaborative working (Weinstein, 2003). The main drivers of the governments health and social care policies were partnership, collaboration and multi-disciplinary working. One of the areas covered by Working Together to Safeguard Children 2010 (Dept of Health, 2010) stated that organisations and agencies should work together to recognise and manage any individual who presents a risk of harm to children. The Children Act 1989 (Dept of Health, 1989) requires multi-agency collaboration to help indentify and investigate any cases of child abuse, and the protection and support of victims and their families. It should be remembered that everyone brings their piece of expertise/ knowledge to help build the jigsaw (Working Together 2010) and to assess the service user i n a holistic way. Although the merits of collaboration have rarely been disputed, the risk of conflict between the professional groups remains. Some of the barriers to collaboration are different resource allocation systems, different accountability structures, professional tribalism, pace of change and spending constraints The disadvantages are if commissioning was led by health, an over-emphasis on health care needs, and inequities between patients from different practices There are challenges in terms of professional and personal resistance to change; it is difficult to change entrenched attitudes even through inter-professional education. Sometimes professionals disagree about the causes of and the solutions to problems, they may have different objectives because of different paradigms (Pierson M, 2010). There are also several concerns for SWs which include not knowing which assessments to use, appearing to be different or work differently from others in the team, not being taken seriously or listened to by colleagues and not having sufficient time or resources because of budget constraints (Warren, 2007). Some of the reasoning for this pessimistic mood is feelings of inequality and rivalries, the relative status and power of professionals, professional identity and territory. Different patterns of accountability and discretion between professionals, are all contributing factors to these feelings (Hudson, 2002). Thompson (2009) suggests that instead of the SW being viewed as the expert with all the answers to the problems, they should step back and look at what other professionals can contribute. Collaborative working offers a way forward, in which the SW works with everyone involved with the clients; carers, voluntary workers and other professional staff, to maximise the resources, thus giving an opportunity for making progress and affording the service user the best possible care. Weinstein, et al, (2003) stated that although there are problems with collaborative working, the potential positive outcomes out-weight the negatives. There could be a more integrated, timely and coherent response to the many complex human problems, fewer visits, better record keeping and transfer of information, and some reduction of risk; therefore the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. If SWs work in silos, working in a vacuum, they are unlikely to maximise their impact (Brodie, 2008). It is important to use collaboration and an interprofessional/multi agency working culture in Social Work in order that the most vulnerable service users receive the best possible assessments of their needs. The advantages are better understanding of the constraints of each agency and system overall, shared information on local needs, reduction in duplication of assessments, better planning, avoiding the blame culture when problems occurred and accessing social care via health less stigmatising. Greater knowledge of the SWs roles and responsibilities by other health care professionals will ensure that the SWs role is not substituted in assessment of the service users circumstances and needs (Munro, 2010). The Munro Report (2010) also states that if everyone holds a piece of the jigsaw a full picture is impossible until every piece is put together. Working together to Safeguard Children states a multi-professional approach is required to ensure collaboration among all involved, which may include ambulance staff, AE department staff, coroners officers, police, GPs, health visitors, school nurses, community childrens nurses, midwives, paediatricians, palliative or end of life care staff, mental health professionals, substance misuse workers, hospital bereavement staff, voluntary agencies, coroners, pathologists, forensic medical examiners, local authority childrens social care, YOTs, probation, schools, prison staff where a child has died in custody and any others who may find themselves with a contribution to make in individual cases (for example, fire fighters or faith leaders). In a study by Carpenter et al (2003) concerning the impact on staff of providing integrated care in multi-disciplinary mental health teams in the North of England, the most positive results were found in areas where services were fully integrated. There is much evidence to suggest that collaboration represents an ethical method of practice where differences are respected, but used creatively to find solutions to complex problems. In essence the service user should be cared for in a holistic approach and to achieve this collaboration is the answer. (1516) Professor Munro askes Some local areas have introduced social work-led, multi-agency locality teams to help inform best next steps in respect of a child or young person, including whether a formal child protection intervention is needed. Do you think this is useful? Do you have evidence of it working well? What are the practical implications of this approach? (http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2011/01/04/116046/munro-asks-frontline-workers-what-needs-to-change.htm)

How to Write an Essay :: essays research papers fc

1. What is an essay? An organised collection of YOUR IDEAS about literary texts nicely written and professionally presented . In other words, the essay must be well structured (ie organised) and presented in a way that the reader finds easy to follow and clear: it must look tidy and not present any obstacles to the reader. It must have a clear readable interesting style. But, above all, it must consist of your ideas about literary texts. This is the centre of it: this, and this only, gets the marks. Not quotes from critics, not generalisations at second hand about literary history, not filling and padding; your thoughts, that you have had while in the act of reading specific bits of literary texts, which can be adduced in the form of quotations to back up your arguments. 2. Why write in this way? 2.1 Learning how to write professionally In the English Department you learn how to respond to literary texts. This is an interesting and worthwhile thing to do, but unless you become a teacher of English remarkably few people in later life will be interested in your thoughts about Jane Austen. What they will be interested in (I'm talking about potential employers now, but not only them) is your ability to talk, to think, and to write. This part of the course is where you learn to write: professionally. The guidelines that follow tell you how to do it, or rather how to learn to do it. They set a higher standard than is usually asked of a first year undergraduate essay in this Department. This is for the following reasons. (1) I think it's my job to offer you the best advice I can, not to tell you how to get by. (2) If you learn what these guidelines teach, you will get better marks in all the essays you do from now on until finals. You will surprise the markers with the quality of your presentations, by producing a better quality than they expect. (3) You will learn a skill, a not-very-hard-to-learn skill, that will last you for the rest of your life. 3. Collecting the material The first task is to get the material together. The material comes in two kinds: primary and secondary sources. Primary sources in this case are literary texts: the actual material that you work on. Secondary sources are works of criticism. Here is your Second Important Message:

Is Science to Blame Essay -- Science Scientific Essays

Is Science to Blame Science has played an important role in the American culture. One way or another it has transformed our way of living and our way of thinking towards human beings and nature. Science has been blamed for its new science inventions due to causing harm to individuals or the environment. As we are aware, science can have many benefits towards the health and environment, but at the same time there are consequences if new science ideas are not properly handled under the hands of the scientist or us, the individual. No doubt, science has provided many solutions to our unanswered questions and has removed our fears. J.Michael Bishop explains in his essay â€Å"Enemies of Promise† â€Å"science is the art of the possible, of the soluble† (239). For example, without scientist having the abundant knowledge that they do, the people and animals would not have survived infection’s diseases. People would not be aware of a habit they consume as being listed as a dangerous one nor would they know the facts on how to take care of their animal (s) or the environment. The solution to the diseases is that science has evolved with the proper vaccination though some are still in the process and others are about to be discovered. Also, nature has resulted to provide benefits to the human skin and even to cure some illnesses, has been discovered by scientist. There has been many other science solutions provided to Americans but many scientists are not appreciated for their development, rather people seek to find more answers to their health or environmental problems. If individuals are not meet with their needs they begin to criticize the science technology. Many Americans do not understand the concept of science. They imagine a... ...nswer can vary, depending on your beliefs, but it’s logical to say that science should be blamed when scientist introduce a new scientific idea just for selfishness, who don’t take into consideration the consequences of their product. Also, individuals who take advantage of any science development are the ones responsible for their failure not science. Science provides a different perspective on how to view others our natural environment. Works Cited Bishop, Michael J. â€Å"Enemies of Promise†. The Presence of Others. Ed. Moller. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 237-242. Rifkin, Jeremy. â€Å"Biotech Century: Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature’s Designs†. The Presence of Others. Ed. Moller. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 244-253. Shelley, Mary. â€Å"Frankenstein†. The Presence of Others. Ed. Moller. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 231-235.

Delivering Learning and Development Activities Essay

The aim of the lesson plan (above) was to provide employees the knowledge and skills to draft a quality CV. Typically, employees are not familiar with how the recruitment process works, and are even less versed in drafting a CV. Many have not felt the need to apply for new roles in the past due to the security and comfort of the roles at that time. This was also confirmed from the output of the CV Workshop Pre-Assessment that were sent out and returned. The organisation has recognised this and has created a learning programme to support the individuals. Lesson Plans 1 & 2 (above) are two  half day sessions that give employees an understanding of the importance of the CV and how to create a quality draft. This is followed by the individuals’ line managers. A further two day covers interview techniques to complete the programme. Designing and delivering the session was all about the preparation. It was important to understand the audience and make it meaningful for them â€⠀œ showing â€Å"what was in it for them†. Understanding the concept of andragogy was an important factor in determining whether the sessions would be successful – would the individuals behave like prisoners, passengers or participants? Would they have barriers to learning: negativity in motivation and application? Individuals actually behaved liked participants which actually made the session more enjoyable. None of them (as captured in the pre-assessment forms) had any recent experience of writing a CV, which made the session more relevant for them. The size of the room was sufficient to accommodate the number of delegates, and it made the breakout session more intimate. The facilities were sufficient to display the PowerPoint pack as well as accommodating use of flipchart paper for the breakout session. They were asked to ensure mobile phones were switched off to prevent interruptions which break flow & concentration. Creating a positive environment in preparation and anticipation of prisoners, passengers or participants was essential. I set the scene by acknowledging and showing empathy that I understood that this is a difficult time for all of the delegates but that I was there to give them the tools and techniques to help them build a quality CV, which would ultimately help in finding a new role. I outlined what the aims and objectives were and how this session fit in with the remaining programme, to give individuals assurances that they were in professional hands. I underlined my credibility in delivering the session, having worked in recruitment in the past, as well as having recruited heavily as a line manager, therefore being well versed in knowing what a good CV looks like, having read and reviewed many over the years. I explained that we’d cover off, as a group, what was currently known about writing CVs and by the end, the group would be able to differentiate between a good and poor CV, so they could visualise what the outcome would be. I introduced a breakout session – an activity to get them actively thinking and collaborating with each other, so they felt part of the solution and in control of their own destiny. This also worked well as an icebreaker. I’ve  gave them guidelines and techniques to use, and provided supporting material (CV Workshop hand-outs, Action Verbs hand-outs and a CV template) so they could use as references and tools after the session. Open questions were used to check understanding. Feedba ck was sought in two forms – formative (CV Workshop Pre-Assessment) and summative (evaluation forms, open questions and ‘homework’ to draft a CV). The pre-assessment was used to tailor the session, effectively being very explicit or â€Å"spelling out† each point of writing a CV. Questions were asked as feedback throughout to ensure delegates fully understood each point. Good responses were recognised and acknowledged, and corrective feedback was provided for incorrect responses. To improve my performance, I have reviewed the feedback and will introduce a working example of what a good CV looks like. I will get each of the delegates to reiterate and share the key learning they would take away at the end of the session to help reinforce in their minds what they have learned and make it real for them. I will also make a bit more use of the room – â€Å"owning it† by walking around to show authority and more importantly, observing more closely (e.g. at the breakout session).

Big Families Essay

For any child I believe it is better to have a big family because you will have someone to talk to, someone to work with and new experiences every day. I know how you feel for example you might think a small family is better because you are the only child and you will get anything you want. So what is you had a problem who will you talk to if you had a small family .But if you had a big family you will not have just one person to talk to you will have many. Another example is when you’re doing homework and you need help who will help you? And if you had a small family who will help you if your parents are working. On the other hand if you have a big family you will have someone to explain your homework as well. If you have a small family and you win a prize to go somewhere are your parents do not want to go. But if you had a big family and you have a older brother or sister who want to go you will be able to enjoy your prize with your brother or sister. If you never been to that place you will have new experiences every day. In conclusion , I think a big family is better because you will have new experiences everyday , you will have someone to talk to and someone to work with .Please consider my reason when making your decision because a big beautiful family is better than a small family, think of what would happen if you where the only child you would be very bored without anyone to talk to.

Active Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Active Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Euthanasia Essay ? The term euthanasia originated from the Greek word for â€Å"good death. † It is the act or practice of ending the life of a person either by lethal injection or the deferment of medical treatment (Munson, 2012, p. 578). Many view euthanasia as simply bringing relief by alleviating pain and suffering. Euthanasia has been a long-standing ethical debate for decades in the United States. Active euthanasia is only legal in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Assisted suicide is legal in Switzerland and in the United States in the states of Washington, Oregon and Montana (Angell). Several surveys indicate that roughly two thirds of the American public now support physician-assisted suicide, and more than half the doctors in the United States do too (Angell). Active voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia matter because they allow the patient or family to relieve them of pain and suffering, and to die with dignity and respect. In this paper I will argue that it is immoral and unethical to deny a patient the right to die and that active voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia should be a legal practice in the United States. When denied the right to die one can endure a tremendous amount of physiological and emotional pain. The 1973 case of Dax Cowart is a great example of this. Dax went through fourteen months of grueling, barbaric treatments of skin debriding, tank soakings, and dressing changes. He compared the debridements to being skinned alive and the solutions poured over his skin were like having alcohol poured over raw flesh except it burns more and longer (Asher). Dax requested on several different occasions to just leave him alone and let him die but all of his physicians’ refused his requests and kept going with their treatment plan. The physicians were going against the principle of non-maleficence, which states, â€Å" Physicians have an obligation to do no harm to the patient† (Munson, 2012, p. 892). Dax suffered through painful debridements for months without proper pain control because his physicians were too worried about him becoming addicted to the pain medications. They knew how painful these debridements were for their patient and they continued to maintain the same treatment plan with no modifications. They deliberately violated the principle of non-maleficence. If active voluntary euthanasia were an acceptable practice in society, Dax ould have been able to refuse the treatments and die by way of infection, or a physician could have given him a lethal injection. Either of these options would have helped Dax to die keeping his wishes of dignity and respect intact. In this case, death is less harmful than the barbaric treatments that Dax had to endure for countless months. Today, many Americans are so concerned about the possibility of a lingering, high technology death that they are responsive to the idea of doctors being allowed to help them die (Angell). This is why we need to legalize active voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia in the United States. In an article from The New England Journal of Medicine, Marcia Angell states, â€Å"The most important ethical principle in medicine is respect for each patient’s autonomy, and that when this principle conflicts with others, it should almost always take precedence† (Angell). To deny someone his or her autonomy is to treat that individual as something less than a person (Munson, 2012, p. 900). It is wrong to take control of someone else’s life and to dictate their actions. Each person has a right to act autonomously; in doing this they must have the ability to choose among different options. A forced option is no option at all (Munson, 2012, p. 901). Dax Cowart was denied his autonomy when the doctors would not listen to his wishes of wanting to die; instead they did what they wanted. Munson states that, â€Å"Making decisions for the good of others, without consulting their wishes, deprives them of their status as autonomous agents† (Munson, 2012, p. 902). Dax was not given options to choose from, nor was his voice heard at all in the process, which violated the entire principle of autonomy. It should have been his choice because it was his life. In a completely different case, Terri Schiavo was denied her autonomy when she was kept alive on a feeding tube, when she had previously stated this was not what she wanted if it ever came down to it. With our autonomy, we should have the right to say how and when we die. It should not be based solely on societies morals, values, and beliefs. No one else should have the right to decide how one ends their life, except for that person. We value our autonomy because we are more willing to live with our own choices then to have somebody else decide for us. Active voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia give patients their autonomy and right to die with dignity. Active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia should be an approved practice because it allows patients who are in a persistent vegetative state the chance to die with dignity, while allowing their loved ones to keep their morals and values in place. Patients that end up in such unfortunate circumstances are unable to use their autonomy and make decisions regarding their treatment and potential end of life care. Maintaining one’s autonomy is part of a dignified death. If these were approved practices, it would allow family members the chance to put an end to their loved one’s suffering the way they would have wanted. It is unethical to force someone to do something against their will, as it is also immoral to make someone live if it’s against their wants or beliefs. On February 26, 1990, Terri Schiavo collapsed and unexpectedly went into a persistent vegetative state, where she remained for fifteen years by sustaining artificial hydration and nutrition through a feeding tube. Terri lost all dignity and autonomy when her terminal illness came, requiring care around the clock. Michael Schiavo believed that his wife would not want to be kept alive in her condition, which ultimately lead to his decision of discontinuing her feeding tube. After a long, tortuous thirteen days, Terri starved to death. The way Terri died was very inhumane and unethical; however it is an approved practice in the United States that continues to be used even today. If active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia were an acceptable practice in the United States, patients like Terri would not have to die in such a barbaric way. It is unethical to allow a patient to starve to death, as it is also unethical to deny a patient the right to die (Munson, 2012). Non-voluntary euthanasia would have allowed Terri to die pain free with her dignity and wishes in place. In Timothy Quill’s article, Death and Dignity, A Case of Individualized Decision Making, he talks about his patient Diane, who was diagnosed with leukemia. Diane denied all treatments and eventually agreed upon home hospice care. It was extremely important to Diane to maintain control of herself and her dignity during the time remaining to her. She wanted to remain an autonomous person, and when this was no longer possible, she clearly wanted to die. She asked Dr. Quill for sleeping pills, which he wrote a prescription for knowing she had trouble sleeping, but also knowing it could be a means to an end when the time came for Diane. Diane was able to make an informed decision to take her own life and to die with dignity and her wishes respected in the end. Dr. Quill states, â€Å"I know we have measures to help control pain and lessen suffering, to think that people do not suffer in the process of dying is an illusion† (Quill 2). This is why people in our society should be more open-minded to active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia. These two concepts can allow our terminally ill, suffering, loved ones to die with the dignity and respect they deserve, like Diane was able to do. Patients who are diagnosed with a terminal illness such as cancer or progressive neurological disorders eventually become weak and debilitated. These patients end up relying on family, friends, and healthcare workers to help them do their activities of daily living such as batheing and eating. Many of these terminally ill patients lay in bed suffering, with zero quality of life, just waiting to die. These patients have lost their will to live and find no joy or simple pleasures left in life because their pain has become too unbearable. These patients suffer on a daily basis, while family and friends watch, helplessly; as their loved ones decline day by day. It is unethical for society to expect these patients to go on with the quality of life they are maintaining. Terminally ill patients should be allowed to control their demise and end their suffering at their own disposal. Therefore, active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia should be a socially acceptable and approved legal practice in the United States. One could oppose the original argument saying that active voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia should remain illegal in the United States because it is inhumane and barbaric. Patients do have other options such as hospice programs and pain control. These provide alternative options that can be ethically and morally acceptable in our society. There are a number of options to treat chronic pain such as narcotics. There are an enormous variety of narcotics on the market, all of which can be tried until a specific one is found to be to right for that patient. Palliative care and hospice programs are gaining more attention for the end of life care they provide for terminally ill patients. The goals of these programs are based on comfort care, dignity and respect to the terminally ill patient. These programs allow patients to die with their dignity, respect, morals, and values all in place. Due to the fact that there are other options available for terminally ill patients, other than death, active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia should remain an illegal practice in the United States. Another powerful argument made by Marcia Angell is that â€Å"people do not need assistance to commit suicide, with enough determination they can do it themselves† (Angell). People who are too debilitated for physical means can simply just stop eating and drinking and ultimately starve to death, while others given a terminal diagnosis, that have physical means, can end their lives by pills or a gun. This is another reason why active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia should remain an illegal practice in the United States. In response to this objection, a rule utilitarian could argue that, the taking of a human life is permissible when suffering is intense and the condition of the person permits no legitimate hope (Munson, 2012, p. 84). Pain cannot always be controlled by narcotics and pain-alleviating techniques, there will always be a small percentage of patients whose suffering simply cannot be adequately controlled. Palliative care and hospice programs are a great idea but are not available to everyone because not everyone has insurance and the means to afford them. They can be very pricy and space is very limited, even with insurance and affordab ility in place. Allowing active voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia would give patients more ethical options for death, rather then having to commit the ultimate sin of suicide by starvation or the use of a gun. It is unethical to make a person feel that starvation or the use a gun are their only options. Having the options that active voluntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia can give, would enable a patient to many more ethical options for death, which would ultimately, relieve family members from having to deal with the emotional pain and suffering of finding their loved one’s mutilated body after a self inflicted suicide by use of a gun. Based on the ethical dilemma at hand, my three points have proven that active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia should be a legal practice in the United States. One could object this, but I have proven my argument by the physiological and emotional pain one can endure when denied the right to die, by maintaining patients’ autonomy and dignity throughout the process, and by focusing on the quality of life for patients diagnosed with terminal illnesses. The long-standing ethical debate of euthanasia is decades old and will never have a perfect resolution, but one must take into account all sides of each argument to make an informed decision for their self. It is crucial that society remain open-minded regarding this issue. It is unethical to deny a person the right to die. Therefore, active voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia should be made an approved and acceptable end of life medical practice in the United States. Active Voluntary and Nonvoluntary Euthanasia. (2016, Dec 13).