Saturday, August 31, 2019

Congress Essay

More or less zero. The way things look right now, there is no chance that Republicans in Congress are going to feel as if they have any reason to cooperate with Obama. They are going to oppose him on everything important and hope that they can beat him next November President President Obama has recently introduced a number of reforms and job stimulus ideas, all of which have been rejected or tabled by the Republican controlled House of Representatives. Both Obama's introducing them (knowing they had no chance) and the House rejecting them (knowing an election is coming) were political moves timed to position themselves for running in the strongest possible environment. I think both sides know they cannot fix the economy by next November, so they are trying to impress upon voters who they should blame for it. Obama's window of opportunity was from 2009-midterm elections in 2010. Unless something seriously alters the political dynamic between now and next fall, Republicans in Congress will â€Å"play to their base,† and thus see compromise as politically lethal. There are very few aspects of Obama's agenda that stand a chance of getting through Congress, I think My first pick is Franklin D. Roosevelt. He faced so much hardship in his time of office (the Great Depression and World War II). He was elected to rescue the nation from its worst economic crisis ever! FDR exuded hope to people accustomed to despondency. Acting immediately, in his fabled first hundred days in office, FDR enacted much of the framework of his â€Å"New Deal† economic program, which was to get Americans working again, even if it cost the government a fortune to do it. He created agency after agency in an attempt to put people to work. Roosevelt also looked to protect Americans at risk of impoverishment by establishing federal programs to support individuals financially with programs like Social Security and the establishment of a national minimum wage; Roosevelt protected unions with the passage of the National Labor Relations Act. My second choice, which my wife thought I was insane for, is Richard Nixon. Love him or hate him, the late 1960s and early 1970s were all about Richard Nixon. He entered office with the undeclared war in Southeast Asia as the nation’s albatross, and personally directed its prosecution. Without a mandate to do so, he escalated the conflict, and then shifted the emphasis from ground forces to air power, and eventually negotiated with the North Vietnamese. He successfully split the Soviets and the Chinese from Hanoi by playing the two superpowers off against each other, and then initiated the foreign policy objective of Detente to reduce tensions between the East and West. In doing so, Nixon laid the groundwork for much that was to follow. Domestically, he implemented new economic policies and rallied the â€Å"silent majority† to action. The only real threat to Richard Nixon was, in the end, himself. Were it not for his self-inflicted wounds, his presidency would have been seen as an unmitigated triumph.

Friday, August 30, 2019

China Design Essay

1. Why is product design important in the China market? Product design is indeed a key factor in satisfying customers, which is crucial for maintaining or improving companies’ respective market shares. Product design plays a very important role in manufacturing firms aiming to penetrate and attain good market shares in dynamic consumer markets like that of China, which is also stringent in the involvement of its culture, even in modern times. The very reason why product design is important in China’s consumer market is that Chinese consumers observe ever-changing trends which, of course, entail ever-changing needs and wants. In order for manufacturers to satisfy consumers of this dynamic market, they employ product designs that suit consumer needs and wants through form and functionality. Since China also considers cultural involvement essential for the upkeep of their unique traditions, manufacturers also need to consider injecting fragments of traditional Chinese elements into their designs to really succeed in the consumer market and earn the consumers’ plea for their products. In the viewpoint of Chinese manufacturers, product design is also a means of adding value to their organization by making their products stand out from competitors’ which undoubtedly substantiates the importance of product design. 2. How would you ensure that your products are designed to meet the needs of customers? In order to surely meet customer needs, manufacturers should find out themselves what their target consumers yearn for. Once they find out their target markets’ needs, manufacturers should employ unique and highly encouraged homegrown product designs that take into consideration the form that jives with current trends, functionality that entails outstanding product performance, and sometimes even injections of timeless elements, say that of the respective cultures of different consumer markets. By doing so, consumers would surely utilize their products that suit their needs and wants, are undoubtedly in the vogue, and are reflective of their cultural heritage and identity.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Breaking Cover

It was sunny, breezy Sunday afternoon in July, and three girls crowded around the window seat, looking out at the hunks from a volleyball camp on the Skidmore campus quad play Ultimate Frisbee. Some of those playing had even taken off their shirts, revealing the muscles underneath, resulting in the squeals of delight that had first attracted my attention. As our camp was for the nerdy sort, our boys rarely looked so well-developed. My dormmates were chatting, creating a pleasant hum of conversation. I was the youngest in the bunch, rather like a kid sister. You know, SJs a lesbian, Corinne said idly. It was like poking a beehive. An immense buzzing started as every girl added her commentary. My face must have shown my consternation, because Corinne was suddenly asking, concernedly, if Id known. Dead silence and all eyes on me. My face heated. I gave a short nod of acknowledgement. Inwardly I added a small footnote of just since yesterday. In fact, SJ had been rather blunt. Shed said point-blank, after fumbling a few moments, that she was a lesbian. That while she didnt go out and advertise, she also didnt try to hide it. My reply had been equally awkward. The conversation took on a strained tone. I gave a half-shrug and mumbled OK. The room was dimming with the setting sun, but neither of us moved to turn on the lights. What should I say? Should I change the subject? It would be a death-knell to our friendship, but I had other friends here. It was only a week before I went home. I didnt have to deal with this. I was panicking now. Invisible deep breath. Im in a gifted program, think about this! Whats changed? Shes gay, you dolt! But that doesnt change the fact that all in all SJ was still the same, still running to sign up for morning running, still able to have rapid-fire Spanish conversations with Lori that left me convulsing in laughter. I conveyed my rev elations to SJ, and the room brightened as I flipped the switch and turned on the light. After that quick agreement, we fell into a more companionable silence. The conversation flowed on to family and other matters. Friendship kept, crisis avoided. But apparently I hadnt dodged the bullet as cleanly as Id hoped. Now I once again had to make a decision. Betray SJ and talk behind her back, or defend her and possibly ostracize myself from the rest of my hallmates. It was especially likely, as several of them went to church. But there was really only one thing to do. I wasnt panicking now. Im fine with it. Are you? I asked, a little challenging. Two weeks after camp ended, I received a letter from SJ, which thanked me for being so accepting on campus and supporting her among our hallmates. I didnt know shed known.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Theory for Film Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory for Film Practice - Essay Example Film form is thought to be the overall system of particular relations that can be found among the film’s elements. While all of them are classified either as narrative or stylistic, in this paper I will focus on the latter. To stylistic elements, mise en scene, editing, cinematography, and sound are referred (Keuthan). When the sound was introduced to the silent cinema back in 1927, its integration became the subject of hot debate ranging from passionate approval to criticism expressed by film critics of the time. Indeed, as Dale observes, â€Å"sound invasion in the cinema brought about many crises†, so that the techniques used to produce silent films were subject to complete revision (Dale 637). In the centre of the continuous debate was the role and necessity of sound, if it was thought necessary at all. While the public immediately fell in love with the sound film, a lot of film directors, aestheticians and many film critics argued that integration of sound in the f ilm â€Å"was a disaster that would destroy the cinema as a unique art form† (Fabe 59). Opposing the views expressed by the early sound theorists that sound creates obstacles to better conveying the film’s message, this paper contends that sound is crucial to conveying the film’s message through imagery. Let us first discuss the arguments by the early sound theorists against the integration of the spoken word into the cinema. In particular, the aesthetic disadvantages of the new technology need to be observed. Having done this, I will focus on pro-sound arguments developed by another set of film theorists at that time, as well as make references to the contemporary theory of film sound. One of the most passionate anti-sound theorists was Bela Balasz. He contended that the primacy of image ensures deep communicative force of the film. Since speech is far less expressive than the body language that accompanies it, the integration of the spoken word into the cinema would lead to audience’s desensitizing. To illustrate, Balasz said, â€Å"The silent film is free of the isolating walls of language difference. If we look at and understand each other’s faces and gestures, we not only understand, we also learn to feel each other’s emotions† (Balasz as quoted in Fabe 60). Similarly, the film theoretician and historian of art Rudolph Arnheim argued against the inclusion of literal voices into film supporting his argument with the claim that images themselves speak. Moreover, Arhnheim not only advocated the anti-sound position, he called for the silent film’s return. Close analysis of Arnheim’s views helps to understand the essence of most radical anti-sound views in the film theory. In his well-known essay â€Å"A New Laocoon: Artistic Composites and the Talking Film† written back in 1938, Arhneim discusses the irrelevance of spoken word in a film. One of his arguments is that the use of sound at the then level of technological development created to the feeling of uneasiness caused by the fact the attention of the audience was torn in two opposite directions. Specifically, Arnheim contends that in a film two different media are struggling with each other to express one thing rather than exerting a united effort and capture the message. The coincidence of these fighting voices results in violation of aesthetic laws by films with sound, as Arnheim posits it (Arnheim 164). Partially sharing Arnheim’s critical views on the use of spoken word in

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Influence of Third Party Candidates on the Outcome of the 2008 Essay

Influence of Third Party Candidates on the Outcome of the 2008 Presidential Election - Essay Example In fact, the third party was likely to get on a ticket to winning, since numerous citizens were seeking a change in ways that the government is run; thus the third party was becoming more attractive to the current "two party" system (Abramowitz, 594). Moreover, the current stagnant political atmosphere was objecting progress due to two leading parties, which spend time bickering and seeking ways to oppose each other within their own party as evidenced in the primary campaigns. Therefore, the "two party" system has differences with substantial consequences on Precedential elections. Moreover, the control maintained by the Republicans and Democrats has established an environment, where voters have little choices to select. Nevertheless, the paper will discuss the influence of third party candidate on the outcome of 2008 presidential elections. There has been frustrations expressed Americans in relations to the US political systems, which is protecting two main parties and eliminating t he chance at the third way. Therefore, if 2008 presidential race were severely disrupted by the third party candidate, then Barrack Obama would not have won the presidential elections (Scotto, Clarke, Kornberg, Reifler, Sanders, Stewart and Whiteley, 545). On the other hand, there were campaigns of Cecilia Garza, which was an independent from Texas; Bob Barr, who was a Libertarian impeaching former president Bill Clinton, Ruth Bryant, who is a Christian minister from Nevada, Steven Hoefflin, who was a celebrity plastic surgeon humanitarian and inventor, and Ralph Nader were third party candidates in the 2008 presidential elections. However, in 2008, there were a lot of media coverage of Democrats and Republicans, thus making it difficult to remember alternative candidate from third party exists. Therefore, the third parties gave the voters a chance to think beyond the boundaries imposed by the media and the "two-party" system. Therefore, the third party had an influence of the race, since it made the content high competitive in a way that the candidate with the ability to change 800,000 voters was not able to determine the outcome of the election. Nevertheless, there were challenges related to running as a presidential candidate as a third party candidate, since there is no support by the political system or the mainstream media. A candidate like Dr. Hoefflin with brilliant ideas for altering politics and rectifying embedded problems in the U.S was not given a chance by media (Clem, Dodson and Nikole, 518). The media refused to pay attention at Dr. Hoefflin’s ideas concerning the changes on U.S politics, thus the frustrated voices of Americans who were supporting the third party made the media pay attention to their issues through the internet. However, the American economy was deteriorating; the dollar was losing value against other main currencies, while China’s shadow is weakening the leadership in U.S, in the world. Approvals made by Presiden t Bush are considered the worst in the history, since two thirds of the American populations believed that the Iraq war was a mistake. Therefore, the third party candidates were focused on changing the course, but the Americans and media could not pay attention to their ideas. The political situation has always been dominated by the Republicans and Democrats; thus, they have left diminutive room for change, but the third party offered norms, whereby each party was able to choose against opposition. It also facilitated disillusions that focused on independent learning for Americans who were fed up with the "two party" systems. In this way, the Republicans and Democrats seemed not to be taking their stand in their issues; instead, they made declarations in

Monday, August 26, 2019

Primary Network Characteristics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Primary Network Characteristics - Assignment Example They will require a wide range of equipment and plant, which will go along the schedule and sequence of activities that have been put in place. Thus, as indicated by Hecht (2012, par. 1), the accomplishment of this project will involve the use of fiber optic cables that are established in the submarine manner. As such, due to the challenges posed by the sea conditions and icebergs, it will be necessary to lay the cables using ships that are meant to work in icy conditions. These are the ice-rated ships (Hecht 2012, par. 3-5). The laying of the cable will need a distribution with the use of bandwidth that is composed of microwaves and terrestrial cables. Among the other equipment that will be necessary for this project include the cables, and repeaters of different wavelengths and capacities (Articfibre 2014, par. 1-5). Buffers or the outer jackets, claddings that are made of glass, as well as calculators will be important in finding the distance and fiber loss during the operation (I MC networks 2009, p. 9). It will be vital to note that these activities can only be performed during particular months of the year. In order to install the fiber optic, it could be wise to use a bandwidth of about 1 or 10 GB/s since it has the capacity to enhance the performance required. However, in the installation of the fiber optics, there are certain specific considerations that have to be made. They include the security of the fiber optic cables and their related expenses. The cables are left exposed and therefore hackers can gain access. The installation of fiber optics is associated with many expenses thus proper planning must be enhanced to ensure cost minimization.

CHAPTER 9 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CHAPTER 9 - Coursework Example Prior to the First World War, the Jewish immigrants and Palestinians coexisted peacefully despite the confusion created by Jewish inhabitation of the area. However, the events of the First World War resulted into a protracted religious and nationalistic conflict that persists to date (White 258-286). The British wanted to win the war against the Germans. Therefore, it fuelled Arab’s hostility against the Turks with the promise of establishing a united Arab country at the end of the way. Instead of establishing a united Arab country as it had promised, the British divided the region into territories governed by families. There territories rivaled each other leading to eventual emergence of independent states such as Syria, Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Gulf States. The British also promised the Jews that it will create a Jewish nation in Palestine. Creation of the state of Israel increased tension in the region which resulted into repeated wars between the Arabs and the Israel. Israel defeated the Arabs in each of these wars forcing the Arabs to turn to terrorism. Change of international policies can prevent future occurrence of the conflict. The international community should play a key role in demarcating the boundaries separating the countries. In addition, the countries should recognize each other as a sovereign state and also respect their religious

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Porter and Kotlers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Porter and Kotlers - Essay Example A large number of child center in Australia is now on the industry. ABC needs to survive and increase its profit and has come up and decide to merge with Child Care Center Australia (CCCA) and Peppercorn Management Group (PMG). Action done by its managing director are being analyze in this paper. Suggestion where given to help the company succeed on its aim to increase sale, profits and shares and survival in this stiff and increasing competition. What is an industry As defined in userweb.nni.com an "Industry" is way of classifying businesses that have something in common. Firms are included in or excluded from an industry classification based on the degree of similarity in the products they make or sell and types of customers they service, and the marketplace in which they compete. Industry analysis is a type of business research that focuses on the status of an industry or an industrial sector (a broad industry classification, like "manufacturing"). A complete industrial analysis usually includes a review of an industry's recent performance, its current status, and the outlook for the future. Many analyses include a combination of text and statistical data. Based on the article of Themanager.org, Porters model is based on the insight that a corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Especially, competitive strategy should base on and understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Porter has identified five competitive forces that shape every industry and every market. These forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The objective of corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the position of the organization. Porters model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry. 3 1. Main Aspects of Porter's Five Forces Analysis The original competitive forces model, as proposed by Porter, identified five forces which would impact on an organization's behaviour in a competitive market. These include the following: - The rivalry between existing sellers in the market. - The

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Wal-Mart. Workplace report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wal-Mart. Workplace report - Essay Example The company encouraged through its business policies the consumers to save money and also lead an enhanced lifestyle. In the current era, Wal-Mart has enhanced its customer servicing initiatives through the incorporation of applications via mediums like websites and mobile phones. These activities contributed to the development of concepts related to online shopping. The company operates internationally through its branches spread over 27 countries under different retail formats. Strategic leadership, innovation and commitment to the stakeholders are some of the right keywords that can be effectively related to Wal-Mart operating in the international retail paradigm (â€Å"Our Store†). The organisational structure of the company available in the Appendix shows that it has a hybrid form and operates based on the creation of specialised units that take care of corresponding and related operations based on a global scale. In each department, specific heads are deputed that take c are of the legal, merchandising, sourcing, and electronic and web commerce and also financial and corporate affairs of Wal-Mart. Pertaining to the regions, effective decentralisation is practiced by creating heads and deputy heads for international regions relating to Asia and European countries (â€Å"Walmart†). Analysis of the Management of Wal-Mart The analysis of the management of Wal-Mart will be done based on the different management models related to decision-making and team building activities. Decision-Making Models The Rational Model The Rational Model related to decision-making functions rests on four main steps identified as follows. Firstly, the implementation of the model starts from identifying a potential problem; secondly, the model endeavours to generate effective solutions to the problem identified; thirdly and fourthly, the model probes to select a solution from the list of generated ones and tends to evaluate its feasibility in meeting desired ends respec tively. Thus, the Rational Model is based on a series of logical steps that aim at finding an optimal solution to the problem identified. The Rational Model is also based on some assumptions according to which the manager takes decisions in a well informed environment (Kreitner and Knicki 337). Simon’s Normative Model The Normative Model, as rendered by Herbert Simon, stands in contrast with the Rational Model and tends to operate in an environment of uncertainty. This model, being non-rational in nature, tends to follow assumptions according to which the manager is does not work in an informative work environment. Further, Simon’s Normative Model also reflects that decision-making activities of managers are largely bounded by a set of constraints generated from the personal and work atmosphere levels of the individual. These constraints, generated from the personal and work atmospheres of the individuals, create hindrances for the manager in retrieving the right amoun t of information for optimal decision-making functions. The manager, owing to the inability to identify and evaluate different alternative solutions to the problem, happens to take resort to the satisficing approach that appears to be good enough in the light of the problem identified. Through the process of satisficing, the solutions that are satisfactory enough are gained, in contrast to being optimal in addressing the problem (Kreitner and Knicki 340). The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) The Nominal Group Technique (NGT) is a decision-making process where decisions are gained from involvement of people in groups rather than acting in an individual manner to come up with solutions. In this process, firstly, a group is convened in an organisational set up so that the problem is aptly discussed between the people in the group constructed.

Friday, August 23, 2019

POLICY MEMO PAPER ON DOMESTIC POVERTY Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

POLICY MEMO ON DOMESTIC POVERTY - Research Paper Example Therefore, conservatives believe that the solutions to the United States poverty level indices should emphasize more on higher marriages rates, personal responsibility, and fewer births out of wedlock. However, on the other side, liberals believe that the solutions to the poverty level indices in the United States can be addressed by focusing attention on the negative impacts of cutting government budgets for anti-poverty programs, the need for instituting early childhood development programs and addressing the negative effects of proving tax reliefs to the wealthy. According to report from the Bread for the World Institute about 12.9% of people in the United states are poor, implying that 1/8 people you come across in the United States at least one is poor. In addition, the report further states that about 12.1% are also food insecure, sometimes referred to us â€Å"at risk of hunger† Therefore, it is not a coincidence that food and poverty rates are at the same levels. Thus, this is a vivid implication that the despite the sweeping of the 1990s welfare reforms and the recent year’s economic growth in the United States, domestic poverty still remains a big challenge (Melissa and Benjamin, 2014). The concept of welfare reforms in the U.S. is not a new idea. The Federal government has been responsible for funding low-income Americans’ subsidy programs in the past years with the aim of reducing poverty to enable low-income families attain self-sufficiency through e.g. TANF program (Office of Family Assistance, 1999). For instance, some of the objectives of the TANF program are: Superficially, the objectives aforementioned seem not be advocating for the permanent stay of the low income earners in the welfare programs, but with the initiation of the welfare programs by the Federal government, the problem of poverty has worsened over the years regardless of the achievements made economically. Therefore, the involvement of

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Mardi Gra Social Impact Study Essay Example for Free

Mardi Gra Social Impact Study Essay Sydney has always been the destination of lesbian and gay tourists around the world to view this great spectacle at the South Pacific’s gay and lesbian capital. The Australian gay and lesbian tourism industry has always been on the go whenever the event comes into full view. The street parades and costume parties have always attracted tourists when compared to other events and affairs. Because of this, Sydney, the gay capital of the world, has changed from â€Å"an industrial port to a cosmopolitan, global capital increasingly dependent, for the last two to three decades, on an economy driven by consumption and leisure† (Markwell, 2002, p. 82). Therefore, it is evident that the Mardi Gra contributes solely on Australia’s tourism economy, as reflected in the paper that Kevin Markwell (2002) wrote. There are tensions and demands that leak from the Mardi Gras of Sydney, and the economic impacts of big events such as this cannot be completely ignored. Mardi Gras of Australia Localization as well as globalization can create a big impact on international events and issues that surround the nations. What Markwell (2002) has called localization-globalization dynamic refers to†¦ [T]he way in which a local, community event has challenged and overturned social mores and legislation at the state and national levels partly through its elevation to a national and international event. (Markwell, 2002, p. 83) This has an impact on the tourism industry, as it evades traditional mechanisms and instead, focuses more on the trend and movement of a certain population, creating an ever-increasing power while affecting government intervention and legislation. The tensions and demands of the Mardi Gras The first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gra parade happened on the 24th of June 1978 (Markwell, 2002, p. 83). However, what was supposed to be an enjoyable event became one that was close to disaster, as the celebration turned out to be a riot â€Å"with fifty-three people arrested and several alleging vicious assaults by police† (Markwell, 2002, p. 83). There was this tension of distinguishing what exactly was the purpose of that event, especially that there were records on concealed systematic oppression, homophobia, as well as discrimination (Markwell, 2002, p. 83). As of last year, there were approximately 10,000 people who joined the Mardi Gra of Sydney, marking the event as the biggest Mardi Gra event ever to be held in Australia (Organizers say, 2008, p. 1). According to AAP General News Wire, â€Å"Crowds of up to 300,000 people are expected to line the central city route to watch the procession of themed floats, drag queens and many more costumed and flesh-revealing revelers† (Organizers say, 2008, p. 1). To avoid unwanted riots and insurgencies, 80 military personnel and defense force employees marched among the crowds. As stated, â€Å"Those charged will face a range of offenses including affray, assault police, possessing prohibited drugs, assault, and resisting arrest† (Mother Nature, 2007, p. 1). The demand of cleaning human debris is another demand, in addition to the demand of controlling 4,000 gays and lesbians in the event that triggered an economic relief of about $500,000 in the local economy (Bathersby, 2008, p. 1). The economic impact of Mardi Gras In the economy of New Orleans, there is a report that the chosen event can generate more than $1 billion in annual spending, benefiting the economy and the tourism industry of the state (Mardi Gras questions and answers, 2009, p. 1). Noosa, on the other hand, will have poured about $500,000 last year as stated above (Bathersby, 2008, p. 1). By March 2009, they earned about $300,000, as stated in the report (Lander, 2009, p. 1). It is therefore, apparent that this year is approximately 60% less the earned revenue of last year. Nevertheless, it still is helpful to the economy, earning in New South Wales an amount of about $100,000 million each year in the area of tourism (Santow, 2002, p. 1). Each state or nation earns different amounts each year, depending on the state of tourism of that state or nation. According to Simon Santow (2002) however, [T]he Mardi Gras is suffering from a combination of increased costs and falling revenue, at a time when, ironically, there’s been no significant drop in public interest. Unless half a million dollars is found, the organization could place itself in voluntary administration, so the call has gone out for some emergency funding from the state and federal governments [of Sydney]. (Santow, 2002, p. 1) The government issues the permits in parades such as these, but there are economic impacts on big events, such as the Mardi Gras events. Focusing on the economic impact of big events In a paper that Larry Dwyer, Robert Mellor, Nina Mistilis, and Trevor Mules (2000) wrote, they stated that, as the state government receives requests in funding special events and conventions (such as the Mardi Gra), the government focuses mainly on the alleged positive impacts of these events, especially the overall economic impact. There is a framework developed by the state of New South Wales in Australia used to estimate the economic impacts of events and conventions. This is done by using â€Å"accurate and uniform set of events or conventions expenditure as input into the forecasting model† (Dwyer, Mellor, Mistilis, Mules, 2000, pp. 191-192). Forecasting event-related expenditure is done by the following these steps: first is to estimate the number of inscope visitors; second is to estimate the inscope expenditure of visitors; third is to estimate inscope expenditure of organizers, participants, teams, and media; fourth is to estimate total event related inscope expenditure; fifth is to apply multipliers to estimate economic impacts; sixth is to estimate media impacts; seventh is to estimate fiscal impacts; eighth and final is the recognition of intangible costs and benefits (Dwyer et al. , 2000, pp. 192-194).Mardi Gra is a big event, and it covers some impacts on the economy and the society, as it affects the lives of people there and abroad. References Bathersby, D. (2008, March 2). Noosa set for pink invasion. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The Daily database: http://www. thedaily. com. au/news/2008/mar/02/noosa-set-pink-invasion/. Brown, A. L. (2009, February 27). Mardi Gras boost. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The Daily database: http://www. thedaily. com.au/news/2009/feb/27/mardi-gras-revellers-coast-boost/. Dwyer, L. , Mellor, R. , Mistilis, N. , Mules, T. (2000). Forecasting the economic impacts of events and conventions. Event Management, 6, 191-204. Lander, A. (2009, March 9). Mardi Gras recovery on the coast. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The Daily database: http://www. thedaily. com. au/news/2009/mar/09/mardi-gras-recovery-coast/. Mardi Gras questions and answers. (2009). Retrieved April 9, 2009, from the Compucast Interactive database: http://www.mardigrasneworleans. com/faq. html. Markwell, K. (2002). Mardi Gras tourism and the construction of Sydney as an international gay and lesbian city. GLQ, 8, 1, 81-99. Mother Nature to star Sydney gay parade. (2007, day). NSW, p. 1. Organizers say Mardi Gras will be biggest ever. (2008, day). NSW, p. 1. Santow, S. (2002, August 1). Mardi Gras in danger. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The World Today Archive of the ABC database: http://www. abc. net. au/worldtoday/stories/s637685. htm.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

A multimedia Analysis of ‘A Doll’s House’ Essay Example for Free

A multimedia Analysis of ‘A Doll’s House’ Essay In Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’, the1973 movie version by Joseph Losey better depicts a more compelling story than the written version, specifically with the character of Christine Linde. The play ‘A Doll’s House’ takes place in the late 1800’s in Norway, where men seemed more superior than women. Men usually take up the role of the sole breadwinner and take care of the household. Christine is a friend of Nora, was once engaged to Krogstad who was convicted of fraud. Christine was forced into marrying another person because of her responsibilities towards her family. She became a very independent woman who worked very hard in her life. But now she came to Nora looking for a purpose to live for. She sees how happy Nora is with her husband and children. She wants to work for someone else rather than just herself. However, Krogstad was working at Nora’s husband bank and Torvald is to be the now Bank Manager, is strongly contemplating on firing him because of his past and his reputation that he has within the community. What makes the movie version a more compelling than the written one is that, the movie uses a new script to which gave more effectiveness in the scenes whiles creating a good path towards character development, another reason is that the order in which the three acts were played out were significantly different in the movie which helped in the audience to have a better understanding of each character’s background. In the written version, Christine is shown as a friend to Nora, however, in the movie with its first scene, shows how more deeply and close the relationship with Christine and Nora is. As in the written version, Nora is unable to remember her friend even though Christine is in front of her, ‘Nora- (doubtfully). How do you do—Mrs. Linde You don\t recognize me, I suppose. Nora No, I don\t know—yes, to be sure, I seem to—(Suddenly.) Yes! Christine! Is it really you?’ (Ibsen; Act I). This scene took place in Helmer’s house according to the written version while the opening scene of the movie shows Christine and Nora chatting in a small diner, their conversation shows how close they are as friends. As Nora says to Christine, ‘We must write to each other†¦every week†¦you must come to visit us whenever you wish’ (Losey – A Dolls House; 1973). This drastically contrasts the written version, and while the movie scripts a re not 100% in line with the written version, it does give a better understanding of the relationship between Christine and Nora. In the written version, Christine is shown as a woman that has gone through a lot, having experiences with life and its hardship, but somehow the notion that she feels she is more knowledgeable, smart, and even sometimes, discourteous type of friend, is embedded within the story. As in the scene, where Nora talks about Dr. Rank with Christine, Christine’s response is completely left out in the movie version in order to have the character’s relationship with Nora to seem questionable. ‘Mrs. Linde Listen to me, Nora. You are still very like a child in many ways, and I am older than you in many ways and have a little more experience. Let me tell you this—you ought to make an end of it with Doctor Rank. Nora What ought I to make an end of? Mrs. Linde Of two things, I think. Yesterday you talked some nonsense about a rich admirer who was to leave you money—Nora An admirer who doesn\t exist, unfortunately! But what then? (Ibsen; Act II). That scene wen t on with Nora having no understanding of what Christine is implying or accusing her of but Christine’s response is, ‘Don\t prevaricate, Nora. Do you suppose I don\t guess who lent you the two hundred and fifty pounds’ (Ibsen; Act II). The whole use of the word ‘prevaricate’ highlights the difference between the two versions, whereas, in the movie, Christine’s response was ‘Nora, don’t you think I know that Dr. Rank loan you the money?’ (Losey – A Dolls House; 1973) with Nora’s response, ‘Are you mad? I wouldn’t have dreamed of such a thing’. The movie scene stays in line with each character and their development. The use of Christine in the story is to serve as a direct comparison to Nora’s character, the movie supports this notion. So that Christine does not seem to be patronizing Nora and creating a type of conflict between the two characters since their decision at the end of the story are very different which makes their choice more effectively.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

The Semantic Barriers In Peoples Communication English Language Essay

The Semantic Barriers In Peoples Communication English Language Essay INTRODUCTION: The word semantics has its origin in Greek and is taken from the word semantikos, which means showing signs or symptomatic. The first part sema of the word semantikos means sign. Semantics is the study of meaning that is conveyed in a language. Semantics refers to specific meanings of a word, especially in academic circles. Semantic barriers, therefore, are the misunderstandings that occur by people trying to communicate an idea, but simultaneously having completely different meanings in mind for the words. Semantic barriers come from differences in language, education, and culture. Obviously if the sender is speaking in English and the receiver doesnt understand English, theres a problem. But even if the sender and receiver speak English, they may not speak the same dialect. The words they use may not mean the same thing. If we order a soda in Washington, DC, for example, well get a soft drink. If we order a soda in Detroit, well get a drink made of soda water and flavored syrup with ice cream floating in it. If one is from the United States and he is speaking to a Scot from Glasgow, the American may have a hard time simply understanding his pronunciation. And his accent may be incomprehensible to the person from Scot. The receiver may use complicated words or phrases that the sender doesnt understand, such as to ratiocinate instead of to reason, or I am extremely appreciative of your efforts in my behalf instead of Thank you. Or the sender and the receiver may have cultural differences that make it difficult for them to understand each other even if they speak the same language: A Christian, a Jew, and a Muslim all worship one God, but they think about God in different ways. In some cultures, the use of titles before names is extremely important as a sign of respect, while greeting someone weve just met using his or her first name (as many Americans do) would be considered quite rude. Most of us take for granted that all our messages are well conveyed. But in practice, all messages are not successfully channeled or received. Various obstacles, blockades, difficulties, stoppages or constrictions, known as barriers to communication, disfigure the message and make communication ineffective. These communication barriers cause confusion and conflict between persons living in the same society, working on the same job and even persons living in different parts of the world who even do not know one another. A large number of managerial problems are the result of unproductive or defective communication. Substantial fruits can be gained if communication barriers are dampened or minimized. A communication is a two-way process, distance between the sender and the receiver of the message is an important barrier to communication. Noise and environmental factors also block communication. Personal factors like difference in judgment, social values, inferiority complex, bias attitude, time pressure, communication inability, etc. broaden the psychological distance between the sender and the receiver. Semantic is the science of meaning. The same words and symbols have different meanings to different people. Difficulties in communication take place when the sender and the receiver of the message make use of words or symbols in different senses. The meaning intended by the sender may be dissimilar from the meaning followed by the receiver. People understand the message in terms of their own behavior and experience. SEMANTIC BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION ARISE DUE TO THE FOLLOWING REASONS: CULTURAL DIVERSITIES: Most of the difficulties in communication arise because the same word or symbol means different things to different individuals according to ones culture. Lets take the example of Shiny Abraham. A funny and pity thing happened to Shiny Abraham at the 1986 Asian Games at Seoul. Despite coming first by a very wide margin in the 800 m. Race, she was disqualified and lost her gold medal for having crossed the track at the place where she should not have gone. According to her she mistook the symbol, i.e., the colour of the flag. Whereas in our country the red flag indicates danger, in South Korea white flag is used for the same purpose. Misinterpreting the white flag which had been put up at that point, she crossed the track at the wrong place and suffered a setback. Words, which are in reality symbols representing a thing, an action or a feeling, can have several meanings. As explained earlier, words which represent concrete things, e.g., car or house, tend to be understood in the same way, while abstract words like merit, effectiveness or responsibility, tend to be interpreted by different persons in different ways. Difficulty in understanding may arise even in the case of ordinary words which have different contextual meanings. Lately such difficulties are being experienced increasingly by people working in international development field. One such problem arose in interpreting the meaning of the word steps. In a training program of health workers, relating to the family health in Jamaica when a question What are some of the steps that a mother should take to make sure that her baby keeps healthy? was asked, it was found that there was no response to it. The trainees who were accustomed to only one meaning of the word- steps based on their experience, could not just make any sense of the question. UNFAMILIARITY WITH WORDS: Semantic difficulty may arise because of unfamiliarity with words. For example, because of a word of some foreign language of which the receiver has no knowledge. A technical word may not create such a problem it may be beyond the ability of the receiver to understand it. In order to make it effective, a communication must be put into words which are appropriate to the environment and mental framework of the receiver. This ensures the communication to be grasped properly and implemented effectively. A very interesting example of a communication made effective by the use of words appropriate to the environment in which they were used is provided by the following incident that took place in one of the agricultural states of the USA. A proposal for raising the salaries of the faculty members of an agricultural college was under discussion. The farmers bloc was totally against giving the raise to the college teachers they could not see why they should pay those college teachers $5000 a year just for talking 12 to 15 hours a week. Faculty representatives made no headway in their negotiations until one of them who had some farming experience, got an inspiration.Gentlemen, he told the members of the administrative body, a college teacher is a little like a bull. Its not the amount of time he spends. Its the importance of what he does! BODY LANGUAGE BEING INCONSISTENT: Semantic barrier may further be created by body language being inconsistent with the verbal communication. A manager who praises the honesty and sincerity of his or her subordinate in a sarcastic tone creates doubts in the minds of the subordinate as to the course of action he or she should adopt in a given situation in future. The same kind of barrier is created by a divergence between the verbal language and the action language of the superiors. When action and language are used jointly the actions often have more powerful influence on others actions than words do. A management may, for example, profess its belief in being guided solely by the merit of employees while making promotions. Yet if employees observe that in actual practice promotions are made on considerations other than merit, the managements professed policy is bound to be affected by a semantic barrier it is not likely to communicate anything, only the actions will communicate and what they communicate will be contrary to what had been said in so many words. CHOICE OF AMBIGUOUS WORDS TO CONVEY A MESSAGE: Semantic problems arise due to the choice of words used to convey a message. A particular word may have totally different meaning in different languages. We say Dhanyavad which means in Hindi Thank you, but the same word in Guajarati means congratulations. Differences in background and experience account for differences in the meanings assigned to particular words. Every language has its own structure and style. Semantic problems arise when efforts are made to transfer the essence or feel of a thought from one language to another. Funny situations arise due to this effort. At times the meaning is distorted to such an extent that there remains no trace of the original. During President Jimmy Carters visit to Poland, a sentence in his speech, I have deep affection for the Polish people, was somehow translated into Polish as, I lust after the Polish people. In another instance, when a leading shoe company put up this slogan on the billboard s, we will only sell you the right shoe a group of naughty teenagers asked the manager, where could they go for the left shoe. PROBLEMS ARISING FROM REGIONAL ACCENTS: In a multi lingual nation like India, many of us speak more than one language. However, most of the times the influence of the mother-tongue is quite prominent and the accent with which we speak the other languages creates interesting (and sometimes serious) barriers to communication. The problem of regional accents is not only restricted to Indian languages. We, the people of India, treat ourselves as the very rightful inheritors of the English language. It is difficult to say whether it is love, pride or prejudice, but we have so much English in our native languages that a serious look is necessary at the way we pronounce English. The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages situated at Hyderabad has done this work and found a long list of English word-pairs the pronunciation of which are rather freely exchanged for each other, notwithstanding the mess in the meanings it makes. Ship and sheep, read and rid, each and itch, beat and b it, seen and sin, eat and it, cheat and chit, leave and liveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Seem endless. The scholars at the institution have come to the conclusion that there seem to be three sets of pronunciations viz. i) Received Pronunciation of England (RPE) ii) The Anglo-Indian Pronunciation(AIP) iii) The General Indian English(GIE) or the Modified Indian English. It seems that there is a general consensus among scholars and teachers of English in the country that RP is and an unsuitable model in the Indian context because it (a) it carries certain colonial vestiges; (b) pedagogically it is unrealistic to aim at an inaccessible model; and (c) English is taught and learnt in India for a different set of purpose and norms from those in Britain. PHYSICAL NOISE: sometimes the semantic problems arise because the channel is blocked by noise. Physical noise lies in the environment. It acts as a barrier between the communicators and blocks the message from reaching the receiver. When we are trying to listen what our teacher is saying but the class is noisy; we cannot hear. We cannot hear what our friend is saying because the sound of the television in the drawing-room is too loud. We cannot read or see what is written on the chalkboard because it is reflective. All these examples represent physical noise. PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS: Sometimes physiological impairment in the two communicators poses serious hindrance in the sending as well as receiving the message. If the sender has some problem and cannot speak clearly, there will be difficulty in understanding his message. If the message sent is clear but the receiver is aurally handicapped, the message may not be received. It is difficult to read very bad handwriting. Poor mimeographs lead to difficulty in reading the copies. FILTERING BY THE SOURCE: Filtering refers t sender manipulating information so that it will be seen more favorably by the receiver. When a manager tells his boss what his boss wants to hear, he is filtering information. The personal interests and perceptions of the source, thus, resulting in filtering the information. The source presents such infavourable reaction. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION: Messages are often distorted by the receivers. As in case of filtering the sender sends what he thinks will suit him, so does the receiver receives what suits him. Thus, the receivers see what they want to see, hear what they want to hear based on their needs, motivations, experiences, background and other personal characteristics. Receivers also project their interests and expectations in communications while decoding a message. The teacher who expects that boys with athletic bodies would not like mathematics actually sees them that way. It may not be true. We dont see reality; rather, we interpret what we see and call it reality. CIMMUNIUCATION OVERLOAD: In the present age of information, we are receiving information continuously, from various sources. We receive so much information that many times it becomes impossible to absorb all the information and respond to it. As a result many people tend to screen out a number of messages and fail to decode properly. In such cases, communication is either distorted or incomplete. OUR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: As a group we have certain norms. These norms may not have logical base yet they are so deep-rooted that it is difficult to overcome them. This preconceived and unchangeable societal input prevents the receiver from receiving the message. Girls are supposed to behave like this, It is always going to be like this, are examples of this kind. Social noise blocks our communication completely. This may happen due to the fear of social criticism. Another reason is our own group loyalty. Any action by our own group is seen favourably whereas the same by the opposite group is criticized by us. SOME APPARENT FACTORS LEADING TO SEMANTIC BARRIERS: i) Sound: Equipment or environmental noise restricts clear communication. Unless the sender and the receiver is able to concentrate on the messages being sent to each other, it collides communication making the semantic unclear. ii) Ourselves: Focusing on ourselves, rather than the other person can lead to confusion and conflict. Some of the key-factors that cause this are defensiveness (we feel someone is attacking us), superiority (we feel we know more that the other), and ego (we feel we are the center of the activity). iii) Perception: If we, as a listener, feel the person is talking too fast, not fluently, does not articulate clearly, etc., we may dismiss the person. Also our preconceived attitudes affect our ability to listen. We listen uncritically to persons of high status and dismiss those of low status. iV) Messages: Communication Distractions happen when we focus on the facts rather than the idea. Our educational institutions reinforce this with tests and questions. Semantic distractions occur when a word is used differently than we prefer. For example, the word developer instead of development may cause us to focus on the word and not the message. V) Surroundings: Bright lights, an attractive person, unusual sights, or any other stimulus provides distraction and causes semantic barriers. Vi) Personal Pressure: People do not see things the same way when under stress. What we see and believe at a given moment is influenced by our psychological frames of references our beliefs, values, knowledge, experiences, and goals. Hence forth, semantic barriers are likely to happen. When effective communication is at work, what the receiver decodes is what the sender sends. A breakdown in the communication process may occur if the intended message was not encoded or decoded properly. Comments may be taken the wrong way, a compliment may be taken as an insult, or a joke might be interpreted as a put-down. There may also be barriers in the transfer process; these barriers may include: Noise, Multiple communications, Fatigue, stress, Distractions, Incomplete message, Ambiguous wording, Lack of credibility, Lack of rapport, Think in personal terms, Boring etc. Misunderstandings stem primarily from four barriers to effective communication: 1. Lack of common experience the transfer of words from the instructor to the student are often misunderstood or not interpreted correctly. A communicators words cannot communicate the desired meaning to another person unless the listener or reader has had some experience with the objects or concepts to which these words refer. Many words in the English language mean different things to different people. 2. Confusion between the symbol and the symbolized object Results when a word is confused with what it is meant to represent. 3. Overuse of abstractions over dependence of words that are of a general nature rather than specific. 4. Interference Includes physiological, environmental, and psychological interference. THINGS TO PAY ATTENTION TO AVOID SEMANTIC BARRIERS: SYNTACTICAL PROBLEMS: Syntactical problems are caused by how a sentence is structured. Many people commit structural mistakes in sentence construction while learning a second language. It is mainly because they tend to apply the grammar of their first language to the new language they are learning. Syntactical problem may create good humour but at times may give rise to serious problems. Ex: Throw mamma from the train a kiss. A nurse maid is wanted for a baby about 20 years old. COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE COMPLETE: While formulating the message it should be seen that the message should be complete in itself and should cover all the aspects of the purpose. Merely telling somebody you are good is not a complete message as it is vague. It should be at least you are a good friend. COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE POSITIVE: communications should be toned with courtesy, with positiveness. People generally tend to ignore negativeness. We are not ready to hear It cannot be done until you furnish all the information. Instead, it is easier to hear and accept It will be done as soon as you furnish all the information. Instead of Dont talk while going to the art room it is easier to communicate Go quietly to the art room. COMMUNICATION SHOULD BE TO EXPRESS AND NOT TO IMPRESS: Too much artistic language may show your art of using that language but it may not express your heart. Good communication is supposed to build a bridge between two hearts. Hence simple, straightforward, receivers language is the key. Teachers who consider themselves learned and use complicated vocabularies and sentences cause more barriers. CHOICE OF WRONG WORDS: It might sound unbelievable but sometimes just a few words can mean the difference between life and death. Language, beyond any doubt, is one of the most important vehicles of communication and we must choose our words very carefully. In larger organization people join from various backgrounds and have varying linguistic patterns. The effort is not to hurt anybodys feelings but the effort to choose correct phrases can create some humorous situations CONCLUSION: To make effective communication, First, you must be outgoing, and be confident and honest, then next find a topic that both of you are interested. But, dont forget to be a quiet listener instead talking all the time. A barrier to communication is something that keeps meanings from meeting. Meaning barriers exist between all people, making communication much more difficult than most people seem to realize. It is false to assume that if one can talk he can communicate. Because so much of our education misleads people into thinking that communication is easier than it is, they become discouraged and give up when they run into difficulty. Because they do not understand the nature of the problem, they do not know what to do. The wonder is not that communicating is as difficult as it is, but that it occurs as much as it does.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Just War Theory Essay -- Just War Armed Conflict Military Essays

Just War Theory Price reduced due to problems with format One of the perennial realities of human existence is war. From the earliest recorded events of human history all the way through to modern times, human communities have engaged in armed conflict as a method of dispute resolution. While war has been a constant part of the human experience, there has also been a tendency within virtually all human civilisations to limit the extent of war and the methods by which warfare may be conducted.(1) In Western civilisation, this limitation on warfare has taken shape as an effort to limit both the determination of when war is appropriate and the means used in battle.(2) Within the Western moral, legal, and political arena, the connected questions of when war is appropriate and what means are acceptable in warfare has been the subject of a great deal of examination. The basic theory which has arisen within Western culture to evaluate the legitimacy of military action is called just war theory.(3) The just war theory has received widespread accept ance both within Western culture and in the international community as a means by which a war may be determined to be justified or not.(4) Just war theory, which has both religious and secular proponents, is perhaps the most universally recognised moral theory by which the use of force may be evaluated. II. A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF JUST WAR THEORY A. BACKGROUND ON JUST WAR THEORY Just war theory has a varied and diverse background.(5) The just war tradition includes the contributions of philosophers and theologians dating back to Roman times. As James Tuner Johnson has pointed out, Just war is an historical tradition formed by experience and reflection, including much that is neither specifically theological (or even religious), nor philosophical. It has been strongly influenced by international law, the traditions of chivalry, and soldierly practices derived from the experience of many battles.(6) Just war theory as a method of evaluating military actions has been recognised historically by thinkers as varied as Cicero, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Grotius, and Daniel Webster. It is a theory which has been used by Christians and non-Christians alike to determine whether or not the decision to go to war and the means used to prosecute that war are just. It is crucial to keep this varied and complex pedigree of t... ...50. Id. 51. See the Nuremberg Charter, art. 6(a)-(c). The charter lists the waging of aggressive war, "violations of the laws or customs of war," and the extermination and enslavement of civilians among its examples of wartime criminal conduct. 52. Rostow at 169-70. 53. United Nations Charter, articles 2(4) and 51. See also Gardam at 403-11; Motala at 3. 54. U.N. Charter art. 51. 55. Motala at 4. 56. Id. 57. Id. 58. Motala at 11. 59. Johnson at 149; Bederman at 29. The tradition of dividing just war theory into two distinct analytical categories has its roots in the work of Grotius, Aquinas, Augustine, and Cicero. 60. Johnson at 149 61. Johnson at 149 62. Johnson at 149. 63. Id. 64. Id. 65. Aquinas, Summa Theologicae, II, II, Q. 40, Art. 1. 66. Johnson at 158 67. Johnson at 158. 68. U.N. Charter art. 51. 69. Johnson at 158. Johnson compares the concept of "right authority" with the modern concept of sovereignty and argues that the just war notion of authority basically mirrors the modern notion of sovereignty. Id. 70. Bederman at 31-32; Aquinas, Summa Theologicae, II, II, Q. 40, Art.1.. 71. Aquinas, Summa Theologicae, II, II, Q. 40, Art. Just War Theory Essay -- Just War Armed Conflict Military Essays Just War Theory Price reduced due to problems with format One of the perennial realities of human existence is war. From the earliest recorded events of human history all the way through to modern times, human communities have engaged in armed conflict as a method of dispute resolution. While war has been a constant part of the human experience, there has also been a tendency within virtually all human civilisations to limit the extent of war and the methods by which warfare may be conducted.(1) In Western civilisation, this limitation on warfare has taken shape as an effort to limit both the determination of when war is appropriate and the means used in battle.(2) Within the Western moral, legal, and political arena, the connected questions of when war is appropriate and what means are acceptable in warfare has been the subject of a great deal of examination. The basic theory which has arisen within Western culture to evaluate the legitimacy of military action is called just war theory.(3) The just war theory has received widespread accept ance both within Western culture and in the international community as a means by which a war may be determined to be justified or not.(4) Just war theory, which has both religious and secular proponents, is perhaps the most universally recognised moral theory by which the use of force may be evaluated. II. A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF JUST WAR THEORY A. BACKGROUND ON JUST WAR THEORY Just war theory has a varied and diverse background.(5) The just war tradition includes the contributions of philosophers and theologians dating back to Roman times. As James Tuner Johnson has pointed out, Just war is an historical tradition formed by experience and reflection, including much that is neither specifically theological (or even religious), nor philosophical. It has been strongly influenced by international law, the traditions of chivalry, and soldierly practices derived from the experience of many battles.(6) Just war theory as a method of evaluating military actions has been recognised historically by thinkers as varied as Cicero, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Grotius, and Daniel Webster. It is a theory which has been used by Christians and non-Christians alike to determine whether or not the decision to go to war and the means used to prosecute that war are just. It is crucial to keep this varied and complex pedigree of t... ...50. Id. 51. See the Nuremberg Charter, art. 6(a)-(c). The charter lists the waging of aggressive war, "violations of the laws or customs of war," and the extermination and enslavement of civilians among its examples of wartime criminal conduct. 52. Rostow at 169-70. 53. United Nations Charter, articles 2(4) and 51. See also Gardam at 403-11; Motala at 3. 54. U.N. Charter art. 51. 55. Motala at 4. 56. Id. 57. Id. 58. Motala at 11. 59. Johnson at 149; Bederman at 29. The tradition of dividing just war theory into two distinct analytical categories has its roots in the work of Grotius, Aquinas, Augustine, and Cicero. 60. Johnson at 149 61. Johnson at 149 62. Johnson at 149. 63. Id. 64. Id. 65. Aquinas, Summa Theologicae, II, II, Q. 40, Art. 1. 66. Johnson at 158 67. Johnson at 158. 68. U.N. Charter art. 51. 69. Johnson at 158. Johnson compares the concept of "right authority" with the modern concept of sovereignty and argues that the just war notion of authority basically mirrors the modern notion of sovereignty. Id. 70. Bederman at 31-32; Aquinas, Summa Theologicae, II, II, Q. 40, Art.1.. 71. Aquinas, Summa Theologicae, II, II, Q. 40, Art.

Origin of Judaism :: essays research papers fc

The origins of Judaism are written in the book of Genesis, the first book of the Pentateuch. Genesis is divided into several major parts. The creation of the world (first part) and the story of Abraham (second part) are respectively the parts that are dedicated mostly to the origins of Judaism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God created heaven and Earth. Then he created man. Man disobeyed God, building a partition between them, and went on his own. God promised redemption on man for being tempted and corrupted by Satan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later, God chose Abraham as the father of a long line of people that he would deal with throughout time in order to keep his promise of redemption, and to define a certain people as his. Abraham had two sons: Ishmael and Isaac. God chose Isaac to receive the birthright promises. As a result, the line of God’s people came through Isaac. After what happened the first time with man’s betrayal, God put Abraham and Isaac to a test. God ordered Abraham to sacrifice Isaac to him. Abraham was confused and hurt by this command, but both he and Isaac agreed. As he was about to kill his son, God stopped him. God informed Abraham that this was a test to see how loyal he was to him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generations later God made a pact with the chosen people. They agreed to live a life of strict obedience to the law that he gave them, and in return, they would have the promised messiah come as one of them, who would deliver them from evil to God. He provided them prophets to make his presence and desires known to them and to predict future events so they would know what to expect from God in future times, and how to recognize the Messiah when he arrived.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Opening the Doors of Perception :: Music Musical Band Musicians Papers

Opening the Doors of Perception In August of 1965, Jim Morrison met his friend Ray on the beach in Los Angeles and sang him a few lines of a song he had just written. Ray played keyboard for a band at the time and had known Jim since they both went to UCLA, but he didnt know that Jim could write songs or sing. In a few weeks, Jim had taken the lead vocal position in Ray's band, Rick and the Ravens, and the group had produced a demo recording with Aura Records. In the next sixteen months, Jim, Ray, John Densmore (a drummer), and Robby Krieger (a guitarist) formed The Doors and by 1971, The Doors had written, produced, and released some of the most popular, memorable, rebellious and intelligent music of their time. When Jim began writing his own music, he never had written a song and he had never been a singer either. Jim was living on the rooftop of a building near Venice Beach and he wrote much of his material about the people, places and things he saw in L.A. One of his earliest songs, Soul Kitchen, was written about a small deli in Los Angeles; this song eventually became a popular concert piece and was recorded in a couple versions ranging from three-and-a-half to over seven minutes long. Soul Kitchen was released on The Doors first album (The Doors) in the beginning of 1967 and captured much of the darkness and mystery that the group soon became known for. In one passage, Morrison sings "Speaking secret alphabets; I light another cigarette; learn to forget; learn to forget" and also references the late night scene in Los Angeles he was so wrapped up in, "Stumblin in the neon groves". Personally, I like Soul Kitchen not only because of the lyrics and reference to an actual place, but also because of the rhythm. Ray Manzarek was and still is an excellent keyboardist. Soul Kitchen opens with a mesmerizing keyboard solo and Ray's ivory tones remain present throughout the entire song. Another of The Doors many songs that features the keyboard is When The Musics Over. This song was one of my favorites when I bought my first Doors cd (Strange Days) and I still like it quite a bit. When The Musics Over is a very complicated song to understand and I still dont think I understand it after hearing it countless times.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Intel Core I7 Essay

Intel made some dramatic changes in the Nehalem microarchitecture in order to offer new features and capacity in the core i7 family processors. In the coming paragraph we will explore the details of some features and their influence on control and measurement application. Intel moved the memory controller and PCI Express controller from the northbridge to the CPU die, in order to reduce the number of external databus . These changes increase data-throughput and reduce the latency for memory and PCI Express data transactions. (Figure 1) Intel inserts a distributed shared memory architecture using Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI). QPI is the new point-to-point interconnects for connecting a CPU to either a chipset or another CPU. Intel’s decisions have more significant impact for multiprocessor systems. These improvements make the Core i7 family of processors ideal for test and measurement applications such as high-speed design validation and high-speed data record and playback. CPU Performance Boost via Intel Turbo Boost Technology To provide a good performance and to optimize the processor power consumption, Intel introduced a new feature called Intel Turbo Boost. Intel Turbo Boost is a new feature that automatically allows active processor cores to run faster than the operating frequency when certain conditions are met. Intel Turbo Boost is activated when the operating system requests the highest processor performance state. The maximum frequency of the specific processing core on the Core i7 processor is dependent on the number of active cores, and the amount of time the processor spends in the Turbo Boost state depends on the workload and operating environment. Figure 3. Intel Turbo Boost features offer processing performance gains for all applications regardless of the number of execution threads created. Figure 3 illustrates how the operating frequencies of the processing cores in the quad-core Core i7 processor change to offer the best performance for a specific workload type. In an idle state, all four cores operate at their base clock frequency. If an application that creates four discrete execution threads is initiated, then all four processing cores start operating at the quad-core turbo frequency. If the application creates only two execution threads, then two idle cores are put in a low-power state and their power is diverted to the two active cores to allow them to run at an even higher clock frequency. Similar behavior would apply in the case where the applications generate only a single execution thread.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Human Experience: Miracles Essay

In our society today, through medical and scientific breakthroughs, to extensive and higher levels of knowledge, the idea of miracles becomes overshadowed by explanations. There are many people who could be described as â€Å"doubting Thomas'† because to believe, they feel that they â€Å"need to see†. Almost anything can be explained if one tries hard enough. Most of the cure miracles in Luke’s Gospel can be shown to have happened to people with diseases, traced back to mental and nervous disorders. However, it is still evident that lots of people across the word still believe in miracles, as over 200 million people visit Lourdes each year. All of the Miracles found in Luke’s Gospel, are signs of the Kingdom of God as it is obvious that the divinity of God is present, when the lame can walk, and the blind can now see. These miracles give hope to those who are themselves, in need of healing, as they show that Jesus will help them in their time of need, it also helps to strengthen their faith. Through the study of these miracles, it is easy to see that universalism is a main characteristic of Luke’s gospel, as in every miracle, it is the outcast, the marginalised, who is healed. Jesus often paired the healing with forgiveness of sins. There are many Holy sites throughout the world, that are renowned for the miracles that have taken place there, such as Lourdes, Fatima, and Knock. Lourdes is probably the most visited of these sites, garnering over 200 million pilgrims every year. Over 7000 cures have taken place in Lourdes, but only 67 have been recognised as â€Å"miraculous† by the Catholic Church. The latest recognised miracle was that of Anna Santaniello, who on a visit to the Baths of Lourdes was healed of her acute heart condition on the 19th of August, 1952. She was brought to the baths on a stretcher, and left walking by herself. â€Å"In front of the Grotto, I prayed to the Blessed Virgin Mary that she would restore this young man to full health so that he could at least continue to work.† Anna was a kind, selfless woman, who then went on to help unfortunate children find families and homes. Often, those healed went on to help others who were in need, following on in the example of Bernadette Soubirous, who joined the Sisters of Charity of Nevers convent, as an assistant infirmary and then a sacristan. It is clear that the numerous charities in action today, who are responding to those in need, are following in the example that Jesus set. Charities such as Trà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½caire, and Children in Crossfire, are constantly trying to help children and families in under developed countries. An example of the kind of people that Trocaire helps every day, is that of Juan Francisco Trujillo, aged 16, from a remote village called Caserà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½o Chilama in El Salvador. His family live on the opposite side of the river to the rest of the village. Flooding cuts his family off from their village. When this happens, Juan Francisco cannot go to school. ‘There is a large boulder in the middle of the river. If the water is over this boulder, I know it is too dangerous to cross’, says Juan. Another example of someone helped through the work of Trocaire, is Mary Akai, who suffers from Aids who is a member of the HIV/AIDS support group at Love and Hope Centre, three of her children died of AIDS. She calls the founder of the centre, Sister Patricia Speight, her new mother. â€Å"I thought I was dying,† she said. â€Å"I owe my recovery to Sister Patricia. She fed me from a spoon when I was too low.† Many of those in need, visit â€Å"faith healers† and though some genuinely believe that they can cure people of disease, many are con-artists who steal innocent people’s money, or some actually try to â€Å"heal† or get rid of â€Å"demons† from children. ‘Ndoki’ was said to target children particularly either when still in the womb or in early childhood through a piece of food infected with the evil spirit, said Dr Hoskins who has made an extensive study of traditional religions in Africa. â€Å"We know that ndoki does exist. Back home and everywhere else too there are people who are used by the devil to bring a curse or bad luck to other people’s lives, even to kill them,† says Pastor Modeste Muyulu. Dr Hoskins, is a consultant to the Metropolitan Police on religiously-motivated ‘ndoki exorcisms’, agrees instances of extreme violence are rare. â€Å"My experience of Africa and the Congo where I’ve lived for years and travelled a lot is that Congolese people love their kids,† he said. He also believes that some of the churches and charities set up by Congolese people in the UK were simply â€Å"money-making schemes†. Antoine Lokongo, the editor of a Congolese newsletter, Congo Panorama, believes the growing violence in exorcisms is due to western influence. Two women and a man from England were arrested for the abuse of an eight year old girl who they suspected of having ‘ndoki’. The girl testified that the adults slapped, punched and kicked her repeatedly. One pushed a kitchen knife into her chest until it drew blood. She told police, â€Å"It’s because my auntie says I have witchcraft. She dances and laughs when she hits me.† AB was beaten with belt buckles and a high-heeled shoe. She was only fed tea and bread. The adults seemed particularly concerned that the girl would practice her evil powers at night time. So they woke her up twice and rubbed chilli-peppers into her eyes. They forced her into a large plastic bag, allegedly to â€Å"throw her away for good† by drowning her in a nearby river. But they changed their mind at the last moment. In conclusion, miracles will always be relevant to today, as at some point in our lives, we are all in need of some miracle, whether it is the strength to make it through another day, or the forgiveness of sins to heal our conscience. Although some may find it hard to believe, almost anything can be changed into something cruel and evil, in comparison to what it was before, even the miracles in the bible. But Pastor Modeste Muyulu says â€Å"But disciples should only do what the master did, I never read in the bible about Jesus Christ being violent with anybody to cast out any spirit.† Therefore we should always try to be like disciples of Jesus and help those who are in need, and never intentionally hurt another human being, as we know that Jesus himself would never do something like this.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Decision to breastfeed is a very personal Essay

Breastfeeding topic always elicits strong opinions from family and friends. What matters is the infant getting proper nutrition for his optimal growth and development. The American college of Obstetricians and Gynecologist and American Academy of Pediatrics, to great emphasis on importance of breastfeeding. Every infant and mother is unique and has different challenges. Breast milk provides complete nutrition for infants. It has the perfect combination of protein, vitamins, fats and everything infants needs for its growth and development. Breast milk also contains antibodies that help infants fight off bacteria and viruses. Risk of having allergies and asthma are greatly reduced with breastfeeding. Infants who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months, without any formula tend to have fewer respiratory illnesses, ear infection and bouts of diarrhea. These infants also have fewer trips to the doctor and hospitalizations. Breastfeeding also results in higher IQ scores in some studies. The physical touch, closeness, skin-to-skin touch and eye contact, helps infants to bond with the mother and feel secure. Breastfeeding also linked to health weight gain in infants and fight childhood obesity. As per American Academy of Pediatrics, sudden infant death syndrome, risk of diabetes, obesity and certain cancers can be prevented by breastfeeding. Educating the new mother regarding breastfeeding is imperative, to make sure proper nutriment of the infant. Breastfeeding education starts with finding out the mother’s current knowledge and perception towards breastfeeding. Once finding out the mother perception and knowledge about breastfeeding. After educating the mother regarding benefits of breast feeding to infants. Nurses should first have to address the most common concerns of new mothers like: * Weight gain – Breastfeeding burns extra calories and helps lose pregnancy weight faster. It releases the hormone oxytocin, which helps return uterus to its original size and reduces uterine bleeding. * Expenses – Breastfeeding can help save money by not needing to buy formula, rubber nipples and other formula related things. * Sore nipples – It is normal to have sore nipples. Make sure baby latches on correctly and use one finger to break the suction of your baby’s mouth after each feeding. Holding ice or frozen bags of peas against sore nipples can also help ease discomfort. * Not producing enough milk – A general rule of thumb is infants wetting six to eight diapers a day is getting enough milk. Breast size does not have to do anything with milk production. Plenty of sleep, good nutrition and proper hydration helps body to produce more milk * Storing and pumping milk – Milk can be expressed by hand or pumped with a breast pump. Breast milk can be safely can be used with 2 days if stored in refrigerator. Frozen breast milk can be stored for 3 months. Thaw frozen milk in warm water or refrigerator. Do not use microwave oven to heat breast milk. * Breast engorgement – Breast engorgement is healthy and natural. It happens when breast become full of milk, it could also mean blood vessels in breast have become congested, difference between two is, in normal breast stays soft and pliable. * Mastitis – Is an infection of the breast caused by bacteria which enters the breast through a cracked nipple after breastfeeding. Antibiotics are usually needed to clear up a breast infection. Call the doctor if flu-like symptoms, fever and fatigue are noticed. * Stress – Feeling overwhelmed during breastfeeding is normal. Being overly stressed or anxious can interfere with your let down reflex, that’s body natural release of milk into milk ducts. Staying as calm and relaxed as possible before and during nursing can help milk let down and flow more easily, that in turns helps infant to be calm and relaxed and increases emotional bonding.

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

Future Goals of Nursing Essay

During my childhood and early teenage years, I can remember my English teachers asking things like â€Å"what do you want to be when you grow up?† and â€Å"What do you want to study in college?† As a child I would give a quick sentence or a couple of words of how I wanted to be a teacher, a counselor, or a marine biologist. As a student I have been expected to outline and prepare written papers about what I wanted to be when I grow up. My answers varied each and every year. I can remember many kids saying they wanted to become a nurse or a doctor. I can never remember wanting to become a nurse myself. It is through hearing the many stories I have heard from family members that are in the medical field and a sister that became a CAN and had planned to be a nurse that made me really begin thinking about nursing as a possible career. The further I learned and read about nursing, the more I was intrigued. I chose to take Health Occupations 1 at KEC this year, my senior yea r in High School. By the end of this course I will become a CNA. Through this experience, it has not only provided me a deeper look into the medical field, but also has given my hands-on experience. I have come to realize that working in this environment and doing some of the dirtiest jobs seems to be a natural fit for me. I have surprised myself at my ability to do some of the jobs that most dread. It is my personality to want to help others and be there for them during their hard times, being the medical field can allow me to do just that. I am aware that the training required to become a nurse is challenging and I am ready and willing to take this challenge on to get the training needed in order to become a nurse. I am excited about learning all that I need to learn. My future goal is to go through medical school, and become a Union Registered Nurse where I can help others and be in the midst of the medical field, which I love.

Gifted Education-Instructional strategies for nurturing creativity Assignment

Gifted Education-Instructional strategies for nurturing creativity - Assignment Example Gifted children have higher IQ, and in order to be motivated, they require issues that are challenging, as they will provide enough incentive to succeed and excel. Provision of challenging assignments and tasks as well as examination will be a sound motivator for the gifted children, as it will test their knowledge. Children, especially gifted ones, love rewards in nature. The rewards should be used as a motivator to increase the interest of the children in a task and strengthen their creative ability. Rewards, such as recognition and analytic books for example, are bound to increase their interest. These children are not good at social behavior, and hence in a bid to seek a motivator, flexibility should be employed to have a motivator that does not require them to interact often with people. It should be flexible enough not to bring discomfort or make the child further lose interest. In order to pique their interest, gifted children require a motivator that is complex, where they will be expected to use a series of analytical skills to find solutions (Selby, Shaw, & Houtz, 2005). Their incentive should also be complex to occupy them and further increase their interest. The more the task is complex, the more the interest. Gifted children are risk takers, and their thrill comes from taking huge risks in any endeavor and being able to succeed. By providing tasks that involve taking risks even to a smaller extent, their interests will have been alerted and hence they will be motivated intrinsically and extrinsically. Curiosity is in the nature of children, but the more gifted they are, the higher their curiosity. A challenging and complex task increases their curiosity a notch above, and this in turn sparks their interest in the issue being discussed or presented, and hence the motivation which in this case will be intrinsic. The other characteristic of gifted children, which is bound to ensure

Tuesday, August 13, 2019

BUSINESS SKILL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

BUSINESS SKILL - Essay Example stand that the ability to secure the relevant book requires a careful understanding of the topic of concern, allowing one to seek assistance at the slightest possible time. The goal of the library is to provide people with new means of dealing with society issues while making changes as a way of attaining the required level of learning. Libraries are essential, and the modernisation of access to information has made them almost obsolete, but their role should not be overlooked. Jackson’s article on the issue of libraries in today’s society is valid and should be a major concern for society as a whole. The article is an informative one on this issue that meets the immediate demands of the inquisitive mind (Jackson 2011). It looks at the emergence of the internet and the growing notions that the internet is the major provider of knowledge and information required for everyday research as noted amongst the young generation (Vrana & Barbaric 2007: 437). It is for this reason that many are misguided to believe that the library is for the older generation and the isolated people, yet libraries are enriching facilities where people can study and gather critical and enlightening information (Herrera-Viedma & Lopez-Gijon 2013: 1382). Learning has changed to clicking a few links without having any means of discounting the information attained from such sources. The studies conducted on a myriad of websites have been misleading; something that continues to bother many people owing to the misconception that the internet is generally accurate (Jackson 2011). The speed of getting access to an article or information on an issue has tricked many into believing that the library is not sufficient to gather information (Rowlands et al. 2008: 292). However, Jackson notes that the society needs to change this mentality as the faà §ade is not helping the young generation in information gathering. The library has a wealth of information that can fill in the gaps that the mobile

Monday, August 12, 2019

Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plato's Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example He expresses a point unknown and less considered by many, that a philosopher could be zero in knowledge. Through the puzzle, the victim of such circumstances only discovers of such truths after a long time. Exposure, which happens to be less in the profession, uncovers such truths hence making it a puzzle that majority of the philosophers are ignorant and hide behind the veil of ignorance. The claim that Socrates makes to be the wisest of all and later declares his ignorance as every other philosopher therefore makes the riddle. Socrates happens to come out as one of the wisest philosophers. By denouncing the level at which philosophers are placed in the society, he tried to connect with what is considered as the real world. He comes out as one who is certain of the shortcomings in his world that other philosophers have not discovered. By saying ‘I know that I do not know’, he comes out as a wise philosopher who knows he does not know everything. He brings out an aspect of acceptance that one can never be self-sufficient. Regardless of how much one is perceived by others to be sufficient, a gap in everybody can only be discovered through exposure. This is the opposite of what the world thinks of philosophers. It is also the opposite of what philosophers think of themselves. To many of them, their small professional world gives them confidence as all knowing. Majority do not acknowledge their struggles as part of a problem emanating from ignorance. To them, the struggles are just part of the process. Allegory of the Cave is a dialogue between Plato’s teacher, Socrates and Plato’s brother. Socrates, who is the main narrator, brings out a dark, congested world inhabited by people in a particular class of wisdom. In that small world symbolized by a cave, there is commonality of knowledge since all are pinned to the same wall. They face the same issues and none of them feels free to explore the outside world even when freedom is declared. The Allegory is given in a setting of a prison where prisoners are put in an underground cave. The cave receives limited light that makes it hard for each one of them to see anything that happens behind them. All they know are their own shadows and those of people passing behind them. Their manner of communication and the things they talk to each other relates to what they share in common. Their discussions are tied around what is common to them and any attempt to release them will not be easy for them. Select one incident from Plato’s Allegory of the Cave that best serves to illustrate the meaning of this statement. According to the allegory, the prisoner disabused of his error and liberation to walk around represents Socrates. Due to the conditions he has been in before, the prisoner is likely to suffer so many things. Part of the problems will be facing the light that has been rare in the former state. Any exposure to the light will be so disturbing but a positive step tow ards discovering the reality outside the prison. The exposure will be the start of getting wisdom as he tries to define different things around him. For example in the Allegory, giving seasons and the years will be a demonstration of newly found wisdom that never existed in the former state. The incident brings out a realization of the real world where fantasies do not apply. Facing realities makes one realize how much they do not know even after being higher in knowledge as per fellow people. To Socrates, getting

Sunday, August 11, 2019

Barrack Obama as a Favorite Political Leader Essay

Barrack Obama as a Favorite Political Leader - Essay Example Obama has brought about significant changes since he took over as the president of the US, these changes have made the US so much better than what it earlier was as a country. People may point to the ever increasing unemployment rate but he is trying his best to keep it under perfect control, he is against outsourcing and it is good for the people of the US and it is also good for those who are unemployed. The following part of the paper will shed more light upon the changes that have taken place since Obama took over as the president of the US. â€Å"America is a place where all things are possible† this was how Barrack Obama started off at Grand Park in Chicago. He said if any American had any doubts about the above statement then he would clear all their doubts. This paper will throw light upon the speech delivered by Barack Obama at Grand Park in Chicago. The paper will also present the promises made by the President of the USA and some pros and cons which would present a clear picture of what the USA can expect from their new President. Obama gave focus on the power of democracy in his speech, the opening lines especially placed emphasis upon the democracy in the USA. He pointed that the people of America were not individuals but they are united and that’s what makes United States of America what it is. He assured the people that this election is going to bring a lot of positive changes in the country. He promised the people that he would renew the nations promise working with the other people in the office. He thanked his wife for standing by him and he thanked his daughters too and joked that the new puppy is coming to the White House along with them. He assured the people that the new government is of the people, by the people and for the people and he also congratulated them on their victory. He addressed the financial crisis which has affected almost all the major economies in the world and promised the people he would take suitable step s to counter the same. He promised the people that he is very hopeful and the journey of all the Americans is very long and steep but he believes that he will get there. He promised the people that he would listen to them and he would do so especially if they disagree with him. He asked the people what change would our children live to see and motivated the people to work towards the growth and development of the USA. He referred to a 106 year old black lady in his speech and said that there have positive changes taken place in the country. He referred to the period when there was slavery and the blacks were exploited but he said that everything has changed for better now, the 106 year old black lady was free to cast her vote and this is what bringing change means. He told the people that they have to build the USA block by block by their efforts and hard work. He reaffirmed to all the people that they have certainly made the right decision by choosing him and said that the developm ent process of the USA is going to be a long and a tough one but he motivated the people to work hard to make the USA a better country. Barack Obama is an influential leader who is a now the President in the

Saturday, August 10, 2019

Fatigue and Limbic Dysfunction in Parkinsons Disease Essay

Fatigue and Limbic Dysfunction in Parkinsons Disease - Essay Example In essence, I did the best I could with what I was provided. Parkinson's disease (PD), first described by James Parkinson in 1817 (Figure 1), is one of the most prevalent disabling illnesses that can occur later in life. It is estimated to affect 1% of 70-year-olds, but is also seen in younger people, with 10% of cases occurring before the age of 50. The disease has become the pathfinder for other neurodegenerative disorders, since discovery of dopamine deficiency within the basal ganglia led to the development of the first effective treatment for a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Dopamine replacement therapy substantially reduces the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in most patients, improving their quality of life and initially appearing to decrease mortality. Patients with PD who experience such central fatigue have pathology causing reductions in dopamine and serotonin turnover within the basal ganglia and limbic circuits. These are the structures, which facilitate the link between emotion/motivation (limbic system) and motor response. Estimates of the annual incidence of Parkinson's disease are in the range of 4-20 per 100,000 individuals. ... Demonstrating an association between fatigue and limbic dysfunction in PD will help rationalise treatment approaches for this disabling illness and its symptoms. Incidence and Prevalence Estimates of the annual incidence of Parkinson's disease are in the range of 4-20 per 100,000 individuals. A widely accepted figure for the prevalence of Parkinson's disease is approximately 200 per 100,000 populations. In the Unite States, it is estimated that between 750,000 and 1.5 million people have the disease. In the United Kingdom, there are approximately 120,000-130,000 diagnosed cases, but there may be many more that remain undiagnosed. Age, Sex, and Ethnicity Both the incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease increase with age, and the prevalence may be as high as 1 in 50 for patients over the age of 80 years. Men are 1.5 times more likely than women to develop the condition are. Hospital-based studies have suggested that Parkinson's disease is less common in the Black population, than in other groups. Pathology The main pathological feature of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of neuromelanin-containing neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (Figure 1.1). Examination with the naked eye reveals pallor of this area, which is confirmed microscopically by a marked decrease in the number of neuromelanin-containing cells and the presence of Lewy bodies in the remaining nigral neurons. Degeneration of pigmented neurons in the brainstem is not limited to the nigra but extends to the locus ceruleus and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Lewy bodies are intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions, which are typically found in the neurons of the substantia nigra (Figure 1.2). They are a pathological hallmark of

Friday, August 9, 2019

Poverty and Pollution Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty and Pollution Case Study - Assignment Example Of course, the implications come with some benefits of economic prosperity at the expense of citizens’ health and expenditure in their future. It is the price they get to pay for the benefits of harmful investment in their countries. This document discuses human right to a clean and safe environment, justifies the moral obligations of developed countries towards third world countries for their incurred costs, and finally, recommends civil liability and taxations as pollution standards that are fair for global enforcement. Keywords: Pollution, Environmental Degradation, Third World Countries, First World Countries, Economy and Development, Pollution Control, Industrialization, Investment, Cities, Production, Costs, Price, Business, Regulations Pollution can be categorized differently depending on its cause and impact in the societies. It has become a key sensitive area not only at the national level, but at a global governance level, with too many policies being enforced from t he industrialized nations to the third world countries. Effectively, environmental law is a measure expected to preserve the environmental pure conditions by preventing further degradation. However, its application is being taken seriously in industrialized nations unlike in developing nations, who still feel that they need the opportunity to grow, before they apply the law effectively at a pace the industrialized nations have set in their nations. Air and water pollution have taken the lead in bringing serious mass destruction.